Papers by Author: Karthikeyan Subramani

Abstract: This manuscript discusses peri-implantitis around dental implants and the current methodologies of surgical and non-surgical approaches towards treating peri-implantitis. Mechanical, chemical cleansing and reactivation of infected implant surface along with recent advances like the use of Laser and Photodynamic therapy (PDT) have also been reviewed in this literature. Bone regenerative treatment methods for the treatment of peri-implantitis using non-resorbable membranes (Guided Bone Regeneration), autogenous bone grafts and bone substitute materials with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and other growth factors have also been reviewed in this manuscript.

Abstract: This manuscript reviews about titanium surface modification techniques for its application in orthopaedic and dental implants. There are a few limitations in the long term prognosis of orthopaedic and dental implants. Poor osseointegration with bone, periimplant infection leading to implant failure and short term longevity demanding revision surgery, are to mention a few. Micro- and nanoscale modification of titanium surface using physicochemical, morphological and biochemical approaches have resulted in higher bone to implant contact ratio and improved osseointegration. With recent advances in micro, nano-fabrication techniques and multidisciplinary research studies focusing on bridging biomaterials for medical applications, TiO2 nanotubes have been extensively studied for implant applications. The need for titanium implant surface that can closely mimic the nanoscale architecture of human bone has become a priority. For such purpose, TiO2 nanotubes of different dimensions and architectural fashions at the nanoscale level are being evaluated. This manuscript discusses in brief about the in-vitro and in-vivo studies on titanium surface modification techniques. This manuscript also addresses the recent studies done on such nanotubular surfaces for the effective delivery of osteoinductive growth factors and anti bacterial/ anti inflammatory drugs to promote osseointegration and prevent peri-implant infection.

Abstract: Poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogel (PEG) micropatterns fabricated by photolithography and various other microfabrication techniques have been used as a platform to analyze cell-biomaterial interactions in cell culture studies. Numerous innovative techniques have been described about photolithography and the use of Poly (dimethyl siloxane) stamp (PDMS) based pressure moulding technique for the microfabrication of PEG hydrogel micropatterns. We herein this literature describe a simple and a versatile method for fabricating Poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogel-diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogel micropatterns using the ‘Soft-photolithography’ technique which is a combination of pressure moulding using a PDMS stamp and photolithography. Using this simple technique, PEG-DA hydrogel micropatterns were fabricated on a silicon substrate of varying dimensions from 40μm to 10μm within the same substrate. Such a three-dimensional microenvironment with varying sizes can serve as an excellent platform to study cell behaviour in culture. These PEG-DA hydrogel micropatterns can further be functionalized by adding a variety of biomolecular cues within the PEG-DA hydrogel matrix or these biomolecules can be patterned on the PEG-DA micropatterns after photopolymerization using micro-contact printing for analysis of cell-biomaterial interactions and tissue engineering purposes.