Papers by Author: Pierre Steinmetz

Abstract: For energy production and also for the glass industry, finding new refractory alloys which could permit to increase the process temperatures to 1200°C or more is a permanent challenge. Chromium base alloys can be good candidates, considering the melting point of Cr itself, and also its low corrosion rate in molten glass. Two families of alloys have been studied for this purpose, Cr-Mo-W and Cr-Ta-X alloys (X= Mo, Si..). A finer selection of compositions has been done, to optimize their chemical and mechanical properties. Kinetics of HT oxidation by air, of corrosion by molten glass and also creep properties of several alloys have been measured up to 1250°C. The results obtained with the best alloys (Cr-Ta base) give positive indications as regards the possibility of their industrial use.

Abstract: The oxidation and nitridation of pure chromium and of chromium alloys containing 0.5 to 5at% silicon was investigated at 1300°C in several atmospheres. Global methods like thermogravimetry were associated to thickness measurements and microstructural characterisation to evaluate oxidation mechanisms. The contribution of nitridation to weight gain during high temperature exposure is discussed, examining nitride volume fraction. Experiments demonstrate that the presence of nitrogen in the substrate is always consecutive to a breakdown of the oxide layer and does not result from diffusion through the Cr2O3 layer. Silicon, when present in chromium solid solution, slows down the oxidation kinetics and limits the progression of nitrogen in the chromium lattice and at grain boundaries. The absence of the Cr2N layer beneath the metal/oxide interface does not benefit to the adherence of the oxide scale. Oxidation of silicon in chromium leads to the formation of discontinuous particles of SiO2 at the metal/oxide interface, at the grain boundaries and dispersed in the bulk in the alloy sub-surface.

Abstract: In this study, chromium based alloys containing a hardening NiAl phase are investigated from 1100°C to 1300°C in air. The influence of the NiAl content and of the Al/Ni ratio on microstructure modification and on oxidation behaviour are characterized by metallography and thermogravimetry. Increasing the Al/Ni ratio leads to a higher Al content in the chromium solid solution but does not modify the amount of primary NiAl. At high temperature, and for NiAl content exceeding 16 at%, a duplex oxide layer forms at the surface of the alloys exposed in air, alumina in the inner part, and chromia in the outer part. The oxidation behavior is discussed according to oxidation profile and to the thermodynamic predominance diagram of the involved species.