Papers by Author: Ronald Guillén

Abstract: The scope of this work is the determination of single-crystals elastic constants (SEC) from X-ray diffraction lattice strains measurements performed on multi-phase polycrystals submitted to mechanical load through a bending device. An explicit three scales inverse self-consistent model is developed in order to express the SEC of a cubic phase, embedded in a multi-phase polycrystal, as a function of its X-ray Elasticity Constants. Finally, it is applied to a two-phases (α+β) titanium based alloy (Ti-17), in order to estimate Ti-17 β-phase unknown SEC. The purpose of the present work is to account the proper microstructure of the material. In particular, the morphologic texture of Ti-17 a-phase, i.e. the relative disorientation of the needle-shaped grains constituting this phase, is considered owing to the so-called Generalized Self-Consistent model.

Abstract: Complementary methods have been used to analyse residual stresses in zirconium alloy tubes which were manufactured by cold rolling : X-ray diffraction and scale transition model. A modified elasto-plastic self-consistent model (EPSC) has been used to simulate the experiments and exhibits agreement with experimental data. X-ray diffraction analysis in rolling direction shows opposite stress values for {10 14 } and { 2022} planes respectively. The measured strains were generated by an anisotropic plastic deformation. Plastic incompatibility stress on X-ray measurements should be taken into account so as to make a correct interpretation of the experimental data.

Abstract: For a few years, new kinds of setups for residual stress analysis by X-ray diffraction have been commercialised by manufacturers with two linear Position Sensitive Scintillation Detectors (PSSD) including Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) sensors. Although these equipments allow an important reduction of acquisition time, some questions subsist on their measurement reliability, especially on the raw profile corrections and on the associated statistical uncertainty. One of them concerns the required gain correction because of the weak spatial homogeneity of these detectors. In fact, a bad knowledge of sensor noise does not permit a good correction of the raw patterns which can significantly affect the results of stress measurements. In this study, an original statistical analysis is proposed to visualize and analyse the various kinds of intrinsic noise of PSSD detectors, and especially the most important one: the dark noise. Based on the results of this investigation, a method for gain correction is then proposed. The method, easy to apply, permits a better correction of the sensors defects without increasing acquisition time. This analysis also allows a better understanding of the sensors behaviour and thus an optimisation of the acquisition.

Abstract: A two-level homogenisation approach is applied to the micro-mechanical modelling of the elasto-plasticity of polycrystalline materials during various strain-path changes. The model is tested by simulating the development of intragranular strains during different complex loads. Mechanical tests measurements are used as a reference in order to validate the model. The anisotropy of plastic deformation in relation to the evolution of the dislocation structure is analysed. The results demonstrate the relevance of this approach for FCC polycrystals.

Abstract: The results presented in this paper are part of a process to analyse systematically the sources of uncertainty in X-ray stress determination. They concern one part of the effects of temperature variations which could intervene either as random fluctuations or as a monotonic drift during the acquisition. The proposed formulation is in agreement with the recommendations of the ISO guide on the expression of uncertainty (GUM). It was found that the effect is usually negligible for laboratory experiments which are often temperature controlled and for most materials. However the uncertainty can reach 20 MPa for austenitic steels and a temperature drift of 2 K.

Abstract: The truncation of diffraction patterns in residual stress determination is often observed for broadened peaks when the 2θ acquisition range is not wide enough. The loss of information effects induced can either be traduced by a bad estimation of the background line, for the methods including a background subtraction, or a restriction of the analysis area for the others. In that borderline case, the results obtained by all methods with theirs specific parameters, developed to estimate the peak localisation are rather distributed in a wide range of stress values. In this paper we propose to review and to test some of the most common methods for stress evaluation (parabola, middle of chord, centred centroïd, asymmetrical pseudo-Voigt fitting). A separate study is made concerning error introduced on the 2θ peak position and on the final stress value estimated. For the parabola method, an analytical expression including some approximations such as the peak shape and its full width at half maximum is then given for the prediction and the correction of these errors. This study is sponsored by PSA PEUGEOT-CITROËN, RENAULT and SNECMA.

Abstract: The global uncertainty, in X-ray stress analysis, is due to many factors but one of the most important is the uncertainty on peak positions due to counting statistics and other random errors on peak positions. Although a lot of work has been done to estimate the latter, very little work has been devoted to its propagation through the least square regression. This work presents some analytical results in the general case of triaxial stress state (elliptic curve fit) and proposes approximate formulae to easily compute the uncertainty on normal and shear stress components from acquisition parameters such as the number N of y tilts and the maximum y value. It was found that the latter only influences significantly the uncertainty on the normal stress component and that the dependency of the uncertainty on N does not necessarily follow a 1/ N relation.