Papers by Author: Toshihiko Kuwabara

Abstract: A material testing apparatus for measuring the biaxial deformation behavior of a polymer tube has been developed to quantitatively evaluate the deformation behavior of polymeric materials. The testing apparatus can apply axial force and internal pressure to a tubular specimen. A noncontact strain measurement system was also developed, and the biaxial strain components and the radius of curvature in the axial direction of the bulging specimen are continuously measured to control the stress path applied to the specimen. Polyethylene tube with an outer diameter of 17 mm and a thickness of 2 mm are used as a test sample. The tubular specimens were subjected to linear stress paths with stress ratios of σ_Φ:σ_θ =1:0, 4:1, 2:1, 4:3, 1:1, 3:4, 1:2, 1:4, and 0:1, where σ_Φ and σ_θ are the axial and circumferential stress components, respectively, applied to the central area of the bulging specimen. Loading and unloading tests were performed to determine the biaxial true stress-logarithmic plastic strain curves. The strain rate was 1×10^-3s^-1. From these test results, contours of plastic work and the directions of the plastic strain rates were measured to identify a proper material model for the test sample using the Yld2000-2d yield function (Barlat et al., 2003).

Abstract: This study investigates the biaxial deformation behavior of the High Impact Polyvinyl Chloride (HI-PVC) used as a water pipe material. Multiaxial tube expansion test (MTET) was performed on the HI-PVC circular tube, and the stress-strain curves were measured for nine linear stress paths. The contours of plastic work and the directions of the plastic strain rates were also measurd. The experimental results show that the test sample has a strong anisotropy. Anisotropic hardening behavior was also confirmed from the evolution of the work contours. It was confirmed that the Yld2000-2d yield function had a better agreement with the measued work contour than Hill’s quadratic and the von Mises yield functons. Moreover, it was found that the test sample follows the normality rule with the Yld2000-2d yield function.

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the numerical multi-axial material tests for predicting elastoplastic deformation behavior of aluminum alloy sheets under equi-biaxial tension and in-plane tension-compression stress states. In this study, we have performed the numerical biaxial tensile and tension-compression tests of a 5000-series aluminum alloy sheet using the crystal plasticity finite element method based on the mathematical homogenization method which has been developed by the previous studies. We found that the true stress-logarithmic plastic strain (SS) curves calculated by the numerical biaxial tensile test slightly deviate from those measured by the biaxial tensile tests using a cruciform specimen. On the other hand, the results of the numerical tension-compression test demonstrated that the predicted SS curves shows a reasonable agreement with those obtained by the experiment using the biaxial stress-testing machine with comb-shaped dies.

Abstract: To improve the accuracy of forming simulations for sheet metal, the use of material models calibrated by multiaxial material tests is essential. Adequate material models can be calibrated on the basis of the contours of equal plastic work obtained by multiaxial material tests. However, because the tests often require special experimental equipment, they are not widely used by the industry. This paper proposes a methodology for a numerical biaxial tensile test that uses ABAQUS, a popular commercial software package for finite element analysis. In numerical tests, an open-source user-defined material model (UMAT) is used to implement crystal plasticity models. In order to validate our methodology, we performed a numerical biaxial tensile test on a 6000-series aluminum alloy sheet, and the results were compared with those of biaxial tensile tests with a cruciform specimen. The results demonstrated that the proposed numerical biaxial tensile test provides a reasonable prediction of stress-strain curves and the contours of equal plastic work.

Abstract: A fracture criterion for sheet metals subjected to draw-bending is investigated using the concept of forming limit stress criterion. The test material used is a 1.0-mm-thick ultralow carbon steel sheet. Draw-bending experiment of a wide specimen is performed for a die profile radius of 4mm. A specimen undergoes bending-unbending under tension when passing over the die profile radius. The drawing speed was set to 5mm/s. The magnitude of true stress when a specimen fractured has been precisely determined from the measured data of a drawing force and the cross sectional area of the draw-bent specimen after fracture. Moreover, multiaxial tube expansion tests of the test material are performed to measure the forming limit stress of the test material under plane strain tension. It is found that the is larger than by approximately 10 %. Therefore, it is concluded that the forming limit stress criterion is effective as a fracture criterion for a mild steel sheet subjected to draw-bending.

Abstract: In-plane tension/compression tests of a cold rolled interstitial-free (IF) steel and sheet a 980MPa dual phase high strength steel sheet (980DP) were carried out to investigate the work-hardening behavior under two-stage loading paths. The two-stage loading paths consist of the uniaxial tension/compression for the rolling direction (RD) followed by unloading and subsequent uniaxial tension/compression in the 0°, 45° and 90° directions from the first loading direction (0°-, 45°- and 90°-loading). The work hardening behavior in the second loading was different between the 980DP and the IF steel. It was found that the work hardening behaviors were significantly affected by the inner product of the strain rate mode tensors for the first and second loading and that the effect of the deformation mode (tension/compression) was small.

Abstract: Multiaxial tube expansion tests were performed to precisely measure the work hardening behavior of mild steel sheets with different r-values for a range of strain from initial yield to fracture. The testing machine is capable of applying an arbitrary linear stress path to a tubular specimen using an electrical, closed-loop servo-control system for the axial force and internal pressure applied to the tubular specimen. Tubular specimens with an inner diameter of 44.6 mm were fabricated from the as-received sheet sample by roller bending and laser welding. Nine linear stress paths, σ_x(rolling direction) :σ_y (transverse direction) =1:0, 4:1, 2:1, 4:3, 1:1, 3:4, 1:2, 1:4, and 0:1, in the first quadrant of the principal stress space were applied to the tubular specimens to measure the contours of plastic work and the directions of the plastic strain rates. It was found that the shapes of the measured work contours changed with increasing plastic work, or equivalently with increasing the reference plastic strain ; the test materials exhibited differential hardening (DH). The general trend of the DH appeared to be affected by the average r-value, or equivalently by the texture, of the materials.

Abstract: Multiaxial tube expansion tests (MTETs) were performed to measure the multiaxial plastic deformation behavior of a cold rolled interstitial-free (IF) steel sheet for a range of strain from initial yield to fracture. The testing machine is capable of applying arbitrary principal stress or strain paths to tubular specimens using an electrical, closed-loop servo-control system for an axial force and an internal pressure. Tubular specimens with an inner diameter of 44.6 mm were fabricated from a cold rolled IF steel sheet with a thickness of 0.7 mm by roller bending and laser welding. Many linear stress paths in the first quadrant of stress space were applied to the tubular specimens to measure the forming limit strains and forming limit stresses of the as-received sheet sample, in addition to the contours of plastic work and the directions of the plastic strain rates. It was found that the shapes of the measured work contours changed with increasing plastic work. The observed differential hardening behavior was approximated by changing the material parameters and the exponent of the Yld2000-2d yield function (Barlat et al, 2003) as functions of the reference plastic strain. The hydraulic bulge tests were also conducted to measure the forming limit strain and forming limit stress for equibiaxial tension and to determine the equivalent stress-equivalent plastic strain relation for a larger strain range. The forming limit curve and forming limit stress curve were calculated using the Marciniak-Kuczyński-type approach. The calculated results were in fair agreement with the measurement.

Abstract: A servo-controlled tension-internal pressure testing machine with an optical 3D deformation analysis system (ARAMIS®, GOM) was used to measure the multiaxial plastic deformation behavior of a 590MPa high strength steel sheet for a range of strain from initial yield to fracture. Tubular specimens were fabricated from the sheet sample by roller bending and laser welding. Many linear stress paths in the first quadrant of stress space were applied to the tubular specimens to measure the forming limit curve (FLC) and forming limit stress curve (FLSC), in addition to the contours of plastic work and the directions of plastic strain rates. It was found that the shapes of the measured work contours changed with the increase of work hardening (plastic work). The observed differential work hardening (DWH) behavior was approximated by changing the material parameters and the exponent of the Yld2000-2d yield function (Barlat et al, 2003) as a function of the equivalent plastic strain. The FLC and FLSC calculated using the Marciniak-Kuczyński-type (M-K) approach with the DWH model were in good agreement with the measurement.

Abstract: The multiaxial plastic deformation behavior of a cold rolled interstitial-free steel sheet with a thickness of 0.65 mm was measured using a servo-controlled multiaxial tube expansion testing machine for the range of strain from initial yield to fracture. Tubular specimens were fabricated from the sheet sample by roller bending and laser welding. Many linear stress paths in the first quadrant of stress space were applied to the tubular specimens to measure the contours of plastic work in stress space up to an equivalent plastic strain of 0.289 along with the directions of plastic strain rates. The test material exhibited differential hardening (DWH). A material modeling method for reproducing the DWH in a finite element simulation has been developed. Hydraulic bulge forming simulation results based on the DWH model had a closer agreement with the experimental results than those calculated using the isotropic hardening models with selected yield functions.