Papers by Author: Volker Schulze

Abstract: As the service life of components is significantly influenced by the surface layer properties, namely surface roughness, surface work hardening and residual stresses, these are the focus of many investigations. As these properties can be measured experimentally in many cases only after finish of the process, simulation models can be used to explain the final process results by the interpretation of the development of the result quantities during the loading and unloading state. The developed and validated simulation model and the extended process knowledge can be used afterwards to predict process parameter combinations with optimal process results for other cutting tool-workpiece combinations without performing large and costly experimental investigations. In the present study, the dependences of surface work hardening and residual stresses on process parameters of micro-cutting, namely cutting depth, cutting velocity and cutting edge radius are investigated by 2D finite element simulations using ABAQUS/Standard. The material behaviour of normalized AISI 1045 is described in dependence of strain, strain rate, and temperature. Chip formation is modelled by continued remeshing of the work piece. The simulation results are validated by the comparison with experimentally determined integral width and residual stress depth profiles, using x-ray diffraction method. The influence of the ploughing process, characterized by the ratio of cutting edge radius to cutting depth, on surface characteristics is well described by the simulation model.

Abstract: Shot Peening is a well established mechanical surface treatment to induce compressive residual stresses and work hardening into the surface layer of components exposed to cyclic loading. Due to the induced changes in the surface layer, the fatigue limit increases significantly. The concept of local fatigue strength is based on the comparison of the locally effective fatigue limit with locally active loads in order to estimate the maximum outer loading that will not exceed fatigue limit. In this paper an approach of using simulated surface characteristics after shot peening for the determination of the local fatigue strength will be presented. The complex stress distribution due to cyclic bending of notched geometries will also be determined by FEM. Finally the simulated estimation of the fatigue limit of differently notched specimens of AISI 4140 will be verified with experimentally determined fatigue limits.

Abstract: Electromagnetic compression of tubular profiles with high electrical conductivity is an innovative joining process for lightweight structures. The components are joint using pulsed magnetic fields which apply radial pressures of up to 200 MPa to tubular work pieces causing a symmetric reduction of the diameter with typical strain rates of about 104 sec-1. Since there is no contact between the components to be joined and the joining machine, any damage of component’s surface can be avoided. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid state joining technique and has been extensively developed for aluminum, magnesium, copper and titanium alloys as well as steels. The primal advantages of the process in comparison to conventional fusion welding are better mechanical properties, low residual stresses and distortion, and reduced occurrence of defects. In the present article, the influence of process and material parameters on the joint’s characteristics, material’s microstructure and the mechanical properties of electromagnetic compressed joints and friction stir welds using reinforced aluminum profiles is analyzed. The strength of the joint is determined by tensile tests. Finally, possible improvements of both techniques are outlined.

Abstract: Electromagnetic compression of tubular profiles with high electrical conductivity is an innovative joining process for lightweight structures. The components are joint using pulsed magnetic fields which apply radial pressures of up to 200 MPa to tubular work pieces causing a symmetric reduction of the diameter with typical strain rates of about 104 sec-1. Since there is no contact between components to be joined and the joining machine, any damage of component’s surface can be avoided. The load, which the joint can transmit, is strongly dependent on the residual stresses in the region of the joint. In the present article, the influence of charging energy, gap width before joining and diameter on the development of the residual stresses is analysed using geometry changes during splitting of the components. Besides, the contact zone between the components is analysed and the pullout force of the joints is determined by tensile tests. This allows the evaluation of correlations between joining process, state after joining and mechanical properties.

Abstract: In a three-dimensional Finite-Element-Simulation of shot peening, a combined isotropickinematic viscoplastic material description was introduced in order to describe the cyclic softening effects during peening. After verifying the model in the simulation of push-pull tests at different strain amplitudes it could be used for the shot peening simulation. The simulated residual stress profile is compared with experimental results determined by X-ray diffraction and with simulated results of a simpler isotropic viscoplastic material model.

Abstract: In the work presented here the residual stress states of sintered iron (ASC 100.29) were studied after mechanical surface treatments. This included the investigation of the stability of compressive residual stresses of deep rolled sintered iron at different angles relative to the rolling direction at quasistatic and cyclic bending loading. An increase of the compressive residual stress in the transversal deep rolling direction at fatigue loading was found and will be discussed in this presentation.

Abstract: Compound-extruded unidirectionally reinforced lightweight profiles are a novel class of materials for the realisation of load-bearing structures. They may be fabricated in a flexible and rapid near-net-shape process. The authors present investigations of the reinforcing effect of wires in compound-extruded aluminum profiles under quasi-static tension and compression. In particular, the compounds were characterized by metallographic examinations focusing on the fracture morphology. Furthermore, specimens subject to compression tests were examined using micro computer tomography (µ-CT) and light microscopy (LM). It is shown, that the mechanical properties of wire-reinforced profiles are improved under both positive and negative quasi-static loads in comparison to non-reinforced profiles.

Abstract: Electromagnetic Compression of tubular profiles with high electrical conductivity is an innovative joining process for light weight structures. The components are joined using pulsed magnetic fields which apply radial pressures of up to 200 MPa to tubular work pieces causing a symmetric reduction of the diameter with typical strain rates of about 104 sec-1. This process avoids any surface’s damage of the workpiece because there is no contact between the components and the forming tool. The load, which the joints can transmit, strongly depends on the process parameters. Of them, the charging energy and initial gap between components are the most important. In the present article, the influence of these two parameters on the joint’s characteristics, material’s microstructure and the mechanical properties is analyzed. The strength of the joint is determined by tensile tests and by measurements of the residual stresses. Finally, conclusions for the joint design are given.

Abstract: Analysis of the residual stress state, the microstructure and surface topography of ceramic microcomponents made of Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 produced by micro powder injection moulding were performed. During the production of the microspecimens sintering conditions were varied. The measurement of residual stresses has been carried out using the MAXIM (MAterials XRay IMaging) diffractometer at HASYLAB beamline G3 at DESY in Hamburg (Germany). The microstructure and surface topography of differently moulded specimens were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a confocal white light microscope type NANOFOCUS. The findings are used to establish correlations between process parameters and characteristics of the microcomponents. These will allow to improve the production process with respect to the mechanical properties of the microcomponents.

Abstract: Brazing of cemented carbides to steel bodies gives rise to the development of complex stress states and distortions which influence the fatigue behaviour of the parts. It is quite important to estimate the residual stresses with numerical methods whose agreement is to be guaranteed with experimental characterization of the brazed parts. In this work FEM simulations and X-ray as well as neutron stress analysis were used to examine the residual stresses of brazed samples. Joints with different geometries and dimensions made of cemented carbide and different steels showing different phase transformation behaviours were investigated.