Papers by Keyword: Acute Toxicity

Abstract: Due to the super-linear growth of the number of particle (especially, proton) therapy centers in 2010–2018, many researchers forecasted the number of patients treated by proton therapy to reach 500–550 thousand before 2026. However, the real farther overall spread of hadron therapy was much slower due to its high cost, very high research intensity, and very high requirements for medical and engineering staff, so that by the end of 2026 the number of patients will reach only 410–415 thousand, clearly tending to saturation with an ever decreasing share of ion therapy and showing that the increase of the biological efficacy and safety of proton and especially heavy ion therapy is it is an urgent need of today’s time. The most promising and experimentally substantiated concept of the whole body and the highly localized combination cancer therapy was developed and tested by Japanese and Georgian researchers in 2015–2020, which clearly demonstrated the high efficiency of the highly localized multicomponent combined therapy of cancer. This paper reports in vitro and in vivo data on the relative anticancer efficacy and acute toxicity of the 50 various multicomponent nanoparticle containing anticancer combinations in comparison to the widely used anticancer drugs gemcitabine, carboplatin, cisplatin and paclitaxel systematically applied against the Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), clearly showing that the newly developed combinations can be several times more efficient and have a several times less toxicity than the usually applied anticancer drugs. The obtained data also provide sufficient reasons to conclude that the significant increase in the effectiveness of combined formulations is caused by the super-additive synergistic interaction of nanoparticles and of the active components of anticancer mixtures. It is especially important that the newly developed “cocktails” reveal a 3 to 10 times increased therapeutic window due to several times increased necrotic and apoptotic activity against the cancer cells in comparison to healthy tissue cells, drastically increasing the therapeutic value of the drugs due to higher efficacy, higher safety and significantly reduced duration and costs of treatment.

Abstract: The present study evaluates the toxicity of AgNPs synthesised from Padina tetrastromatica (P-AgNPs) through Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay. The aqueous Padina seaweed extract was treated with AgNO₃ to synthesise P-AgNPs, and these NPs were then characterised by multiple analytical techniques. The UV-Vis spectra displayed characteristic SPR peaks of AgNPs at about 409.5 nm. The TEM and particle size distribution results verified the formation of polydisperse spherical P-AgNPs with a dominant size of around 48 nm. Zeta potential analysis indicates the moderate stability of P-AgNPs. The FTIR spectrum of P-AgNPs reveals the presence of organic functional groups, suggesting the involvements of seaweed organic matters in capping and stabilising AgNPs. Though the 24-h mortality test showed a dose-dependent increase in Artemia death, the results imply a non-toxic property in P-AgNPs (LC₅₀ value: 4300 mg/L; >1000 mg/L). These findings conclusively suggest the acute exposure to P-AgNPs has no substantial risk to marine organisms.

Abstract: Landfill Leachates is one of the pollutants containing high organic matter and heavy metal which can cause toxic pollution to water due to less than optimal leachate processing. This study aims to introduce fine bubbles treatment to the leachate processing technology at the waste treatment facility at Sarimukti, West Java Indonesia. The toxicity test was conducted in the acute toxicity test and test for D. magna. The acute toxicity test was carried out using a static biological test according to APHA standards (1995). The LC₅₀-48 hours ware calculates using the Finney Probit Analysis Software. The results showed that the effectiveness of Sarimukti TPA leachate treatment was 97.5% DO, 71% BOD, 86% TDS, and 74.8% turbidity. The XRF spectra on the leachate after fine bubble found a recovery of heavy metal elements such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, and Sn. Based on the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation, the effectiveness of leachate processing has reached the safe standard limit for pH, mercury, cadmium parameters. The acute toxicity of leachate before and after treatment fine bubble was 14.516 ppm and 11.178 ppm. The acute toxicity of leachate is considered almost non-toxic.

Abstract: Using BP neural network method, we calculate and analyze the molecular structure of aromatic hydrocarbons. Then, we get the electrotopological state indices and the molecular electronegativity distance vectors of 25 aromatic hydrocarbons based on the calculation of molecular structure characteristics and adjacency matrix. By regression, we get and optimize the structural parameters E₉, E₁₃, E₁₇ and M₁₅. The four structural parameters are used as the input variables and a 4-2-1 network structure is employed to construct a BP artificial neural network model for predicting acute toxicity pEC₅₀. The total correlation coefficient R is 0.994 and the average error between the predicted value and experimental value of pEC₅₀ is 0.079, which indicate that the ANN model has good stability and superior predictive ability. The results show that there is a good nonlinear correlation between acute toxicity pEC₅₀ and the four structural parameters. The results of our research reveal that the toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons is closely affected by electrotopological state indices and the molecular electronegativity distance vectors. Therefore, it will be helpful in assessing the hazard of aromatic hydrocarbons to environment.

Abstract: Acute toxicity is an important toxicological endpoint which poses a great concern being the major determinants of health problem, a quantitative structure toxicity relationship (QSTR) study was performed for the prediction of the acute toxicity of alkylbenzenes. The molecular descriptors of alkylbenzenes have been calculated with semi-empirical AM1 and E-dragon methods, and QSTR model for mice via the oral LD₅₀ model of alkylbenzenes was developed using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis.

Abstract: The negative effects of pharmaceuticals residues in aquatic environment to organisms have been attracted more and more attention in the public. In this paper, the effects of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride on community of aquatic organisms were analyzed. The acute toxicity values (EC50/LC50) for Chlorella vulgaris, Photobacterium phosphoreum, Daphnia magna and guppy were 20.61、63.27、135.15 and 365.00 mg/L respectively. The results showed that the higher chain level of organism could lead to stronger tolerance of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Standardization Risk Quotient (SRQ) was proposed basing on the introduction of the normalization factor into risk models. SRQ can be directly applied to judge the risk levels for the exogenous pollutants into the environment without considering the effects of aquatic organisms from different food chains.

Abstract: In order to provide information for biological monitoring of environmental pollution and help people to develop pharmaceutical wastewater pollutant monitoring and emission standard, in this paper, acute toxicity experiments of three heavy metal pollutants, Zn²⁺,Cd²⁺ and Hg²⁺ existed usually in pharmaceutical wastewater, were done and their 24hr LC₅₀ on the Paramecium were got individually, safety thresholds were calculated. At the same time, impact of different concentration heavy metal ions on population growth curve of Paramecium caudatum were researched. Results indicated that the acute toxicity of Hg²⁺ are the strongest, and the population growth curve changed significantly by three different types under three heavy metal ions pressure.

Abstract: Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is an organotin contaminant, widely detected in aqueous environments, posing potential human and environmental risks. In the present study, the embryo and larvae of sea urchin Strongylocentyotus intermedius were used as a model to investigate the toxic effects of TMT. Data obtained from the TMT acute toxicity tests were evaluated using the Probit Analysis Statistical Method. The results show that TMT pollution decreased the fertilization ability of sperms, but no obvious effect on the eggs and fertilization ability. The 4-arm stage larva and the sperms are sensitive to TMT. It is suggest that low levels (36.63 μg/L) of TMT in the aquatic environment may have a significant effect on the reproduction and development of sea urchin.

Abstract: In this study, the acute toxicity of brominated flame retardants decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) on green alga Scenedesmus obliqnus has been investigated. Under laboratory conditions, low dosage of decaBDE (0.1, 0.2, 1, 5, 10 μg/L) can inhibit the growth of Scenedesmus obliqnus. The max inhibition rate was 27.39% by 10 μg/L decaBDE on day one. Chlorophyll contents were significantly inhibited by decaBDE. At the concentration of 10 μg/L, the inhibition rates of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were 68.1% and 86.0%, respectively. These results indicated that decaBDE pose toxicity on Scenedesmus obliqnus in the environment.

Abstract: In this paper, acute and subacute toxicity effects of on an environmental estrogen, Bisphenol A (BPA), on zebrafish were investigated. The median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) and the median effect concentration (EC₅₀) of BPA to zebrafish embryos and larvae were calculated. Additionally, effects of BPA on vitellogenin (VTG) gene expression and mating ability to adult male zebrafish were investigated for subacute toxicity analysis. Differed from previous studies on toxicity of BPA, acetone, a relative low-level toxic solution, was adopted as the carrier solvent of BPA in this study. Results showed that the values of 24h、48h and 72h LC₅₀ of BPA on zebrafish embryos and larvae were 16.667mg/l, 9.944 mg/ l, 8.222 mg/l and 20.938 mg/l, 15.170 mg/l, 10.943 mg/l, respectively. The values of 24h and 48h EC50 of BPA on zebrafish embryos were 11.111mg/l and 8.183mg/l, while the valu_{Subscript text}es of 24h, 48h and 72h EC50 of BPA on zebrafish larvae were 14.56mg/l, 12.133mg/l and 9.658mg/l, respectively. Subacute toxicity analysis demonstrated VTG gene was induced in male zebrafish by BPA and the increasing of its expression was both time- and dose-dependent. In addition, BPA could severely inhibit the mating ability of adult male zebrafish and a positive relevance was found between the inhibition and the concentration of BPA exposed.