Papers by Keyword: Anode

Abstract: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are among the most promising clean energy technologies, yet their widespread commercialization is hindered by high operating temperatures, material degradation, and cost challenges. Recent advances in anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials have enabled SOFCs to operate efficiently at intermediate temperatures (500–800 °C), thereby reducing thermal stress and manufacturing costs. For instance, gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) has demonstrated up to three times higher ionic conductivity than yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) at 600 °C, while perovskite-based cathodes such as LSCF (La₀.₆Sr₀.₄Co₀.₂Fe₀.₈O₃−δ) exhibit superior catalytic activity and stability compared to conventional lanthanum manganite. This review critically analyzes the progress in SOFC material development, highlights key fabrication strategies such as spin coating and advanced thin-film deposition, and evaluates techno-economic considerations for scaling up. The study also outlines future research directions including nanostructuring, hybrid electrolytes, and durability testing to accelerate commercialization.

Abstract: This paper discussed various types of pore formers that have previously been applied as porosity enhancers in the NiO YSZ-based planar SOFC anode since porosity plays an important role to easily diffuse the fuel, thus increasing the triple-phase boundary area and electrochemical performance. Therefore, this study emphasized reviewing recent experiments to find out more effective pore formers by making a comparison between natural (rice starch), polymer-based (PMMA), and carbon-based materials such as graphite. It has been found that rice starch at 7 vol.% gives 10.05% porosity at 1000 °C while activated carbon graphite gives only 4.25%. PMMA shows the highest porosity of 41% at 30 vol.% at 250 °C with almost no residue left behind as proven via TGA analysis which showed only about 0.7%. These findings highlight not only the benefits but also the compromises of each approach, whether in terms of residue formation, mechanical stability, or processing cost. The review further suggests that hybrid strategies, which combine different poreformers, could offer a more balanced route toward improved microstructures. Finally, future directions are outlined, with emphasis on nanostructured agents, scalable fabrication methods, and techno-economic considerations to support the commercial adoption of SOFC technology.

Abstract: Aluminum-Air Batteries (AABs) are considered to be an attractive candidate as a energy storage technology due to their abundant raw material availability, high theoretical capacity, energy density, and safety. However, the development of these batteries is hindered by limited energy efficiency, primarily due to the high rate of self-corrosion of the aluminum anode in alkaline solutions, both under open-circuit conditions and during battery discharge. This research aims to enhance the performance of aluminum anodes in AABs by using commercials aluminum alloys as anodes and modifying their surfaces through the electrodeposition of zinc and manganese (Zn-Mn). The electrolyte used in this AAB is an alkaline solution consist of KOH 4M with 0,2M ZnO and 100mg/L CTAB as additive. The results show that electrodeposition was successfully conducted, leading to reduced corrosion rate as observed in linear polarization tests. Furthermore, electrodeposition contributed to increase battery cycle life, capacity discharge and energy discharge, as demonstrated by charge-discharge tests.

Abstract: Due to its abundant availability and classification as biomass, the focus in renewable energy is currently centred on the use of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) as an alternative material for carbon production that can be used in many applications, one of which is batteries. The type of battery that is trying to use is a primary battery. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of different concentrations of NaOH activation and immersion time on OPEFB activated carbon by analyzing the result of surface area, morphology, and electrical properties. The study found that 1 M NaOH concentration and an 18-hour immersion time were optimal, producing a surface area of 281.96 m²/g and a voltage of 0.785 V. These findings align with and contribute to existing research on biomass utilization in energy storage, demonstrating the potential of OPEFB-activated carbon in battery applications and highlighting the significance of further research in this area to enhance battery performance and scalability.

Abstract: Aluminum (Al) has emerged to become one of the potential anode materials candidates in metal-based batteries due to its abundant resource, inexpensive cost, good safeness and high theoretical energy density. However, thoughtful challenges have been barrier towards huge progress, including easy aluminum hydroxide formation, low practical voltage, and high corrosion rate. To approach those problems, this article proposes to enhance the electrochemical performance of anode side through electrodeposition of Zn-Mn on aluminum surface. The deposition of Zn-Mn consists of citrate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as complexing agent to control the process rate. The effect of various deposition time, 0, 10, and 30 minutes, will be investigated by linear polarization, linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The electrochemical measurement exhibits the deposition effect, minimized the impedance of Al surface and improved the electrochemical reactions. Moreover, the appearance of Zn-Mn layer has prolonged the discharge performance with battery analyzer measurements. Therefore, energy density increased from 1270.52 to 3327.68 mWh g^-1Al and the specific capacity enhances from 2779.908 to 7291.651 mAh g^-1. All the measurements applied 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl). These results pose the electrical performance enhancement from the anode side, but the development of other sides is also necessary.

Abstract: In modern electrochemical coating technology, it is common practice to create uniform layers. However, this study focuses on the deposition of non-uniform layers achieved through a deliberate arrangement of micro structured electrodes on the anode side. The "dog bone effect” was employed as the primary approach [1]. When electroplating on an otherwise uniform surface, this effect selectively processes an area influenced by the geometric edge effect (figure 1 left). The coating within this area is intended to be (i) unevenly distributed and (ii) non-reproducible. Process data was obtained through electrochemical simulations and subsequently applied to a specially designed micro-galvanic setup. This enabled the production of suitable micro structured anodes, validation of coating parameters, and the deposition of visually imperceptible structured areas with inhomogeneous properties using "adhesive gold" on appropriate substrates such as silver and nickel. The layers and their local topography were characterized and analyzed using confocal laser microscopy, X-Ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), as well as a self-designed and constructed laser interference device. As a result, this specific galvanic process technology successfully produced metallic layers that (i) cannot be visually confirmed by the naked eye, (ii) exhibit varied microstructural anode geometries, (iii) display unique differences in layer thickness, (iv) possess non-reproducible and chaotic topographies, and (v) can be detected and identified using conventional analysis techniques or a simple interference setup.

Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) have a significant advantage in terms of energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. In lithium-ion batteries, silicon is seeking more attention than graphite-based anodes due to its high storage capacity. However, it faces severe structural degradation due to volume expansion which is responsible for fast capacity degradation. In the present study, the core shell is developed with the core as silicon and titania as shell (Si@TiO₂) and utilized it as an anode in the 2016-coin cell. The material characterization (FE-SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD and XPS) of this developed core-shell material is recorded to confirm its elemental composition and structural validation. The electrochemical performance is measured using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) test. Cyclic voltammetry profiles reveal the stable lithiation and delithiation process. Initial specific capacity of ≈3180 mAh/g is reported, capacity retention of 61% for the developed core-shell while 34% for the bare silicon is noted over 100 cycles. The proposed method (peptization technique) for the development of core-shell nanoparticles is also compared with the sol-gel approach. The result shows an increment of 5% in capacity retention after 100 cycles by following the peptization technique.

Abstract: The experimental results of obtaining complex-alloyed intermetallic alloys by the method of liquid-phase self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) and their subsequent use for the formation of wear-resistant coatings by the method of electrospark deposition (ESD) are submitted. Metal oxides Cr2O3, NiO, CoO and mineral concentrate containing a larger part of ZrO2 in its composition were used as a melt charge for the SHS experiments. Alloys based on Ni-Al system dopped with Cr, Zr, Co, and C were obtained. It was established that extra addition of C led to the refinement of the alloys microstructure (3-5 times). ESD coatings were formed on steel 45 using the obtained alloys as anode material. The coatings formed by using the alloys doped by Co, Zr, Cr and extra addition of C (0.4 wt%) proved to be maximum wear resistant.

Abstract: Significant demand of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is raising awareness of future LIBs wastes which are highly required to be reprocessed, reused or recycled. In this research, copper foil waste from spent LIBs are upcycled as an anode material, CuO. Hydrometallurgical route was applied to selectively dissolve copper foils where nitric acid, maleic acid and acetic acid were used as the leaching agents while oxalic acid were used to precipitate copper into copper oxalate which is a precursor to CuO. CuO was obtained by calcination of copper oxalate at high temperature. Based on XRD and FTIR analysis, Copper (II) oxalate dihydrates is successfully obtained while SEM images of the samples confirmed micron sized agglomerates which is consist of submicron primary particles. XRD analysis of CuO samples obtained from various leaching process confirmed that a pure CuO is successfully synthesized from nitric acid leaching process while CuO from acetic acid and maleic acid leaching has Cu₂O and Cu phase. CuO and 10%CuO@graphite sample from nitric acid leaching were used as sole anode and composite anode in a LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂(NCM) battery, respectively. The initial columbic efficiency of CuO anode was far inferior to CuO@graphite. However, CuO@graphite had higher specific charge-discharge capacity with the value of 347.8 mAh/g compared to pure graphite (286.5 mAh/g). In conclusion, Cu-foils are a promising source of CuO to enhance the capacity of commercial graphite anode.

Abstract: The battery is a storage medium for electrical energy for electronic devices developed effectively and efficiently. Sodium ion battery provide large-scale energy storage systems attributed to the natural existence of the sodium element on earth. The relatively inexpensive production costs and abundant sodium resources in nature make sodium ion batteries attractive to research. Currently, sodium ion batteries electrochemical performance is still less than lithium-ion batteries. The electrochemical performance of a sodium ion battery depends on the type of electrode material used in the manufacture of the batteries.. The main problem is to find a suitable electrode material with a high specific capacity and is stable. It is a struggle to increase the performance of sodium ion batteries. This literature study studied how to prepare high-performance sodium battery anodes through salt doping. The doping method is chosen to increase conductivity and electron transfer. Besides, this method still takes into account the factors of production costs and safety. The abundant coffee waste biomass in Indonesia was chosen as a precursor to preparing a sodium ion battery hard carbon anode to overcome environmental problems and increase the economic value of coffee grounds waste. Utilization of coffee grounds waste as hard carbon is an innovative solution to the accumulation of biomass waste and supports environmentally friendly renewable energy sources in Indonesia.