Papers by Keyword: Biodiesel

Abstract: The government tries to anticipate the needs of fuel in Indonesia. Efforts to develop new fuels have also been done. New fuels and renewable energy that has been developed are water, wind, bioenergy, solar, ocean, and geothermal. Bioenergy which now widely developed is biodiesel. The development of biodiesel industry which has increased rapidly, was accompanied by government policies that are written in the blueprint of the national energy management, make the biodiesel production grow rapidly. Glycerol as a by-product of the biodiesel industry is available abundantly, so it is necessary to study alternative uses. One alternative is to process glycerol into triacetin which can be used as bio-additive. The reaction between glycerol and acetic acid using a batch reactor was done ​​on the mole ratio of catalyst/glycerol of 3.0%, the mole ratio of acetic acid/glycerol of 3/1, reaction temperature of 80-110°C and reaction time of 60 minutes. The optimum condition is achieved when the batch reaction was run with catalyst Amberlyst-15 at temperature of 110°C with conversion of 97.52% and selectivity triacetin of 89.74%.

Abstract: Esterification and transesterification processes for biodiesel production generate glycerol which is possible to be converted into triacetin. It is an actractive bioadditive for increasing octane number of fuel. The production of this bioadditive in a biodiesel plant also increases the revenue as raw material comes from biodiesel process production as by-product.This study examines the effects of catalyst concentration and temperature on triacetin production using glycerol from esterification process and acetic acid at volume ratio of 1:3 as raw materials. An activated charcoal as catalyst is activated with sulfuric acid at concentration of 2% and 3% (w/w). The esterification temperatures are varied at 90 and 100°C and the reaction time is set for 3 hours. The samples are taken frequently at certain interval times of 15, 30, and 60 minutes for chemical analysis using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectometry. It is observed that using 2% and 3% (w/w) of catalysts at 90°C and 60 minutes reaction time converts 41.037% and 57.441% of glycerol respectively.

Abstract: Heterogeneous catalyst has been viewed as a promising catalyst for biodiesel production. This study employed Turritella terebra (TT) shell as a source for synthesizing heterogeneous CaO catalyst for biodiesel production via transesterification by utilizing chicken fat as a feedstock. The TT shell CaO catalyst was characterized and its catalytic performance was studied. The spectrographic methods that include FTIR, SEM, PSA, and BET-BJH were employed for characterization of the synthesized CaO. The TT shell CaO catalyst optimally produced chicken fat biodiesel (CFB) with reaction parameters at catalyst concentration of 4 wt%, chicken fat to methanol molar ratio of 1:12, reaction temperature of 60°C, and reaction time of 90 min. The optimal yield was 94.03% and the TT shell CaO catalyst still yield 79.19% of CFB on the fifth cycle of reaction. This study has implied that TT shell is a feasible and attractive renewable source of heterogeneous CaO catalyst for biodiesel production.

Abstract: This research aims to study the impact of continuous pulsed electric field (PEF) on glycerin separation from Transesterification process. Transesterification process of biodiesel production using 100 ml vegetable oils with alcohol of 1:5 molar ratio together with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst 1 wt.% for the reaction. The designed glass tube reaction chamber is 250 ml contained with coaxial cylindrical electrodes. The applied voltage to an electrode was at 1 kV and frequency of 1 kHz with pulse duration of 500 μs and also 4 kHz with pulse duration of 125 μs. The results showed that the glycerin volume from transesterification process has rapidly sedimented with pulsed electric field method. It is much faster than using conventional gravity method. The sedimentation rate increases rapidly with an increasing in frequency of the applied voltage. The highest volume of glycerin sedimentation of 10.2 ml is by using pulsed electric field at 1 kV and 4 kHz.

Abstract: In the present study, the CaO/Natural Dolomite as a heterogeneous catalyst was applied to synthesize biodiesel from coconut oil. The physico-characteristics of CaO/Natural Dolomite catalyst were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence, and porosity analysis (specific surface area, average pore size diameter and total pore volume). The performance of CaO/Natural Dolomite catalyst was examined in a batch reactor for transesterification reaction of coconut oil with methanol. From the experiments, the optimum process conditions were achieved at a 60°C of reaction temperature, a 5 wt.% of catalyst amount, and 6 : 1 of methanol to coconut oil mass ratio. The CaO/Natural Dolomite catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity and reliable to be applied in biodiesel synthesis as a heterogeneous base catalyst.

Abstract: The problem associated with biodiesel production is economic feasibility. The biodiesel cost will reduce when the low cost feedstock was used as feedstock. Used Cooking Oil (UCO) is a promising candidate as raw material for biodiesel synthesis. In this study, the investigation of biodiesel synthesis from UCO was studied using red mud as heterogeneous catalysts. The catalyst was prepared by impregnating Potassium metals on red mud. The catalyst physico-characteristics were determined using Nitrogen gas adsorption, FT-IR, XRD, and XRF. The catalyst was tested to synthesize biodiesel from UCO. The reaction temperatures, methanol to oil mass ratio, and amount of catalyst were varied to examine their effects on biodiesel synthesis. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained at 60°C of reaction temperature, 10:1 of methanol to oil mass ratio, and 10% of catalyst amount. The highest biodiesel yield of 94.4% was obtained.

Abstract: The main aim of this research is to produce biodiesel with simultaneous esterification and transesterification using Fe/Zeolite catalyst. Fe/Zeolite catalyst synthesized using hydrothermal process from waste geothermal of PT. Geodipa Energy. This catalyst analyzed using XRD, SEM, and BET test. The variables of this research are concentration (0,01 gr/gr, 0,015 gr/gr, 0,02 gr/gr, 0,025 gr/gr, 0,03 gr/gr) and temperature (50°C, 55°C, 60°C, 65°C, 70°C). The result of biodiesel characterization using simultaneous esterification and transesterification is positive to increase yield following concentration of catalyst and temperature of the reaction. This biodiesel has been in accordance with Indonesian National Standard 7182-2015.

Abstract: Biodiesel was produced from Kapok seed (Ceiba pentandra) oil (KSO) using heterogeneous bimetallic oxide of copper and zinc supported by γ-alumina. The Alumina-supported copper oxide-zinc oxide (CuO-ZnO γ /- Al₂O₃) further notated by ACZ was synthesized using precipitation, impregnation and gel methods. It also was characterized using the X-ray diffraction (X-RD), and Brunauwer-Emmett Teller (BET) methods. Before being transesterified, KSO was subjected to pretreatment with the aim of minimizing gum and other impurities and reducing the concentration of free fatty acids. The activity test of ACZ catalyst was done by introducing it through the transesterification process of KSO with methanol. The transesterification process was carried out in a laboratory scale three neck flask. The effect of calcinating temperature (°C), and calcinating time of catalyst (h) on the yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were studied, respectively. The results revealed that the kapok seed oil was worthy and potentially to transesterified into biodiesel using ACZ catalyst with highest FAME yield of 46.67%.

Abstract: Biodiesel was synthesized from direct transesterification of palm oil reacted with methanol in the presence of a suitable catalyst. There is a sequence of three consecutive reversible reactions for the transesterification process. These process parameters were optimized via the hybrid optimization approach of a conventional response surface method and artificial intelligence mechanisms from Sine Cosine and Thermal Exchange Optimization metaheuristics. The influential parameters and their combined interaction effects on the transesterification efficiency were established through a factorial designed experiments. In this study, the influential parameters being optimized to obtain the maximum yield of biodiesel were reaction temperature of 60–150°C, reaction time of 1–6 hours, methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1–12:1 mol/mol and weight of catalyst of 1–10wt. %. On the first phase, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed the reaction time as the most influential parameter on biodiesel production. Based on the experimental results from the hybrid algorithm via the SCO, it was concluded that the optimal biodiesel yield for the transesterification of palm oil were found to be 100°C for reaction temperature, 4 hours for reaction time, 10:1 wt/wt of ratio methanol to oil and 8% of weight of catalyst with 92.15% and 90.97% of biodiesel yield for expected and experimental values, respectively.

Abstract: The current research studied about the utilization of modified coal fly ash (CFA) as catalyst for biodiesel production from coconut oil. Coal Fly ash (CFA) is a solid waste that is abundantly available in the coal-based power plant. Coal Fly Ash is a type of material that has high content of oxide minerals, e.g. silicates and silicate alumina. With proper physical/chemical treatment, the coal fly ash can be converted into a heterogeneous catalyst. In this work, the coal fly ash was modified with HCl and Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O and used as catalyst for biodiesel production from coconut oil. This paper will focus only on the characteristics of the prepared modified CFA-based catalyst. The modified CFA-based catalyst was characterized for its crystallinity using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), determined its surface area and pore size distribution using Surface Area Analyzer, and its functional groups by Fourier Transform – Infra Red (FT-IR). The specific surface area of the catalyst (modified CFA) decreased from 28.08 m²/g to 17.54 m²/g after impregnation process of calcium oxide in the raw coal fly ash. This decrease was also accompanied by a decrease in the average pore network from 32.59 Å to 20.31 Å. Additionally, based on the XRD pattern shown, the raw CFA is composed of mostly quartz (SiO₂) and mullite (3Al₂O₃.2SiO₂) minerals, and a small portion of hematite.