Papers by Keyword: Biodiesel

Abstract: In this study, deep eutectic solvent (DES) used as co solvent for enzymatic biodiesel production from degumming palm oil (DPO). DES is formed from the salt compound choline-chloride (ChCI) with glycerol at 1:2 molar ratio. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the DES was tested by enzymatic reactions using novozym 435^® for the production of palm biodiesel with raw materials DPO. The use of enzymes with the DES system can maintain the activity and stability of the novozyme enzyme measured by the yield produced until the 10th usage produces biodiesel yield > 99% with a concentration of DES 0.5% with a molar ratio of 0.5% water. Spectra of DES ChCI:glycerol and ChCI:glycerol:water characterized by FTIR, morphological structure novozym by characterized SEM and then biodiesel product analyzed by GC-MS. This shows that the ChCI:glycerol:water system in enzymatic biodiesel production has good potential to maintain enzyme activity and stability.

Abstract: This study has been carried out to demonstrate the control of a reactive distillation process in which the production of biodiesel was taken as the case study using an advanced control method, which is known as dynamic matrix control. The control was accomplished by employing the transfer function model of the reactive distillation process developed, using the System Identification Toolbox of MATLAB, from the dynamic data generated when the prototype plant of the process was simulated with the aid of ChemCAD process simulator. The results obtained from the dynamic matrix control were compared with those of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control system tuned with Ziegler-Nichols and Cohen-Coon methods, and it was discovered that the dynamic matrix control was able to perform best among the three (dynamic matrix control method, PID tuned with Ziegler-Nichols method and PID tuned with Cohen-Coon method) because it (the dynamic matrix control) was able to make the biodiesel mole fraction response not to exceed the maximum limit value of 1 in addition to having the lowest sum of absolute errors (SAE) and sum of squared errors (SSE) from the control systems that were simulated.

Abstract: India is a fastest growing major economy in 2018, with a growth rate of 7.4 per cent GDP. Energy use in developing countries like India has risen more than fourfold over the past three decades and is expected to continue increasing rapidly in the future. Energy is essential for a economical growth of any county. Biofuels derived from renewable resources will become a alternative supplement for the conventional energy sources in meeting the increasing requirements for transportation fuels. In the present paper, effort are made to evaluate the pongamia biodiesel of 20% Blend (PB20) with neat diesel as an alternative fuel for CI engine. The pongamia oil is converted into pongamia methyl esters (Biodiesel) using two step process Esterification and Transesterification. The fuel properties of raw pongamia methyl ester and blend (PB20) are evaluated as per ASTM/BIS standards to check their feasibility as an alternative fuel. The prepared blend is used to run the computerized CRDI diesel engine at different load conditions. From the experimental investigation made, PB20 has a potential to be as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. The performance of PB20 with respect to Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTHE), Mechanical Efficiency, Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) and Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) is comparatively low when compared to neat diesel. The P-Ɵ and P-V diagram shows that the combustion of PB20 is as similar to that of neat diesel.

Abstract: Efficient use of depleting petroleum fuel and stringent environmental policy drives the researchers to unveil the alternative fuel to run the diesel engines. Biodiesel has come out to be the immediate alternative due to its properties, but the problem of higher NOx emission is still an issue. With the development of nanotechnology, efforts are made to explore the performance of different nanoadditives with diesel-biodiesel blends. In line with this, it is intended to find the performance of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel blend (B20) with iron nanoparticle (INP). Tranesterified soapnut oil biodiesel is used in the blend. Results reveal that dosing level of 75 ppm of INP with B20 results in an increase in BTE by 3.2% and reduce SFC by 4% than that of diesel. This may be due to additional surface energy provided by the INP which lead to a reduction of ignition delay and thus the better combustion. While the emission of HC and NO_x is found to reduce by 7.3% and 8.5%, respectively.

Abstract: In this present investigation titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nano-fluid was blended with aphanizomenon flos (AF) biodiesel (20%)-diesel (80%) blend. Different percentages of TiO₂ such as 5%, 10%, and 15%, was added with AF-D (aphanizomenon flos-diesel) blends. The blends are named as AFD-5TiO₂, AFD-10TiO₂, and AFD-15TiO₂. The performance and emission parameters of a single cylinder CI engine fueled with AFD-TiO₂ blends were experimentally investigated. The results reveal that, with the use of TiO₂ nano particles, AFD-10TiO₂ blend gave optimum results. BSFC decreased by about 5% and BTE increased by about 2% with the addition of TiO₂ nano-particle as a catalyst. The tailpipe emissions such as CO, HC, smoke reduced drastically, but the NO emission increased, with the use of TiO₂ nano-particles.

Abstract: The rapid rise in energy requirement and problem regarding atmosphere pollutions, renewable biofuels are the better alternative choice for the internal combustion engine to partially or totally replace the pollutant petroleum fuel. In the present work, thumba (Citrullus colocynthis) non-edible vegetable oil is used for the production of biodiesel and examine its possibility as diesel engine fuel. Transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel from thumba non-edible vegetable oil. Thumba biodiesel (TBD) is used to prepare five different volume concentration (blends) with neat diesel (D100), such as TBD5, TBD15, TBD25, TBD35 and TBD45 to run a single cylinder diesel engine. The diesel engine's combustion parameter such as in-cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release, mean gas temperature, and mass fraction burnt analyzed through graphs and compared all thumba biodiesel blends result with neat diesel fuel. The mass fraction burnt start earlier for thumba biodiesel blends compared to diesel fuel because of less ignition delay while peak in-cylinder pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, maximum net heat release rate, maximum cumulative heat release, and maximum mean gas temperature has found decreased results up to 1.93%, 5.53%, 4.11%, 4.65%, and 1.73% respectively for thumba biodiesel.

Abstract: The use of heterogeneous catalysts in the biodiesel production process provides advantages because it is easier in the catalyst separation process. One type of heterogeneous catalyst that can be used is CaO. The raw materials for CaO are abundant in nature and can be obtained from various sources including agricultural waste such as eggshells. The alkalinity level of CaO can be increased to super baser CaO through the activation process of CaO by using an ammonium carbonate solution. Super base CaO which is used as a catalyst for transesterification reaction in the production of biodiesel made from palm oil. This research was carried out by varying the reaction time starting from 1, 2 and 3 hours. The highest yield was obtained at 3 hours reaction time of 93.92%. The results of the analysis of the physical properties of biodiesel obtained density in the range 853-854 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity 3.24-3.26 mm2/s (cSt), saponification number 193-201 mg-KOH/g biodiesel and acid number 0.3-0.7 mg-KOH/g. These characteristics meet the biodiesel quality standards based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 04-7182-2015. Thus the use of super base CaO from eggshells can be used as a catalyst in the process of biodiesel production.

Abstract: The possibility of using renewable feedstocks for biodiesel production and reducing gas emissions makes it an attractive large-scale substitute to traditional fossil diesel. Although renewability is one of the main driving forces in biodiesel use, traditional production routes employ methanol as the transesterification agent, a chemical generated from fossil carbon. Aiming at further improving biodiesel’s sustainable performance, the replacement of methanol by ethanol has been proposed. Use of the ethylic production route could further reduce CO₂ emissions, energy consumption and generate more jobs. The objective of this study is to unveil whether substituting methanol for ethanol does indeed result in a less carbon and energy intensive production chain while also increasing job generation and decreasing social strife. To assess production chain performance a lifecycle approach was used composed by: (i) Data assemblage from literature to represent the ethylic/methylic biodiesel systems; (ii) Construction of quantitative indicators to compare material and energetic flows; and (iii) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for data interpretation and relevance ranking of calculated social/environmental indicators. Focus was given to CO₂ emissions, energy consumption and social aspects of sustainability. Results show that use of ethanol does indeed reduce CO₂ emissions, due to extra agricultural carbon sinks in the production chain but increases energy consumption and energy loss. Methanol also resulted in a chain with higher average wages, more jobs generated and less forced labor cases but with a higher accident rate and a high salary disparity. PCA showed that carbon intensity is one of the most important environmental metrics while energy consumption was considered secondary, but the high correlation between these aspects highly impact chain sustainability. PCA also greatly differentiated agricultural and industrial links of respective production chains, with industrial links being governed by CO₂ emissions and process safety and agricultural links by water consumption, land use and energy loss. A distinct tradeoff was seen between environmental and social considerations of sustainability and between carbon intensity and energy consumption reductions. As a result, substitution is only justified in scenarios in which CO₂ emissions outweigh energy intensity and social aspects.

Abstract: In-situ transesterification method without catalysts to produce biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl esters, FAEE) from rice bran using subcritical water ethanol mixture has been investigated. This method was found to be efficient since the rice bran oil (RBO) extraction and reaction of RBO into FAEE occur simultaneously. In this process other chemical (ethyl levulinate, EL) was also formed along with FAEE. EL can be used to improve the biodiesel quality by improving the low temperature properties of biodiesel. In this study effect of co-solvent types (without co-solvent, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane) and water ethanol ratio (20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80%, v/v) on the content and yield of FAEE and EL at subcritical water ethanol mixture (T= 160°C, P= 80 bar, and t= 2 h) were investigated systematically. The content and yield of FAEE and EL obtained was found to be affected by the type of co-solvent. The content of FAEE and EL obtained without co-solvent (ethanol and water polarity index were PI=5.2 and PI=10.2, respectively) and with co-solvent of ethyl acetate (PI= 4.4), chloroform (PI= 4.1) and n-hexane (PI= 0.1) were 55.80% and 3.92%, 68.63% and 1.15%, 65.56% and 2.14%, and 62.00% and 0.93%, respectively. Higher polarity index of co-solvent extracted more RBO, as consequent the yield of FAEE (79.79%) obtained was higher using ethyl acetate as co-solvent. This data also suggested that RBO contains more free fatty acids (FFA= 63.59%) rather than of triglycerides (TG= 24.94%). The content and yield of FAEE and EL decreased with increasing water ethanol ratio. The highest content of FAEE (60.57%) and EL (8.48%) and yield of FAEE (78.03%) and EL (10.92%) were obtained using water ethanol ratio of 20%, v/v.

Abstract: In-situ transesterification method without catalysts to produce biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl esters, FAEE) from rice bran using subcritical water ethanol mixture has been investigated. This method was found to be efficient since the rice bran oil (RBO) extraction and reaction of RBO into FAEE occur simultaneously. In this process other chemical (ethyl levulinate, EL) was also formed along with FAEE. EL can be used to improve the biodiesel quality by improving the low temperature properties of biodiesel. In this study effect of co-solvent types (without co-solvent, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-hexane) and water ethanol ratio (20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 80%, v/v) on the content and yield of FAEE and EL at subcritical water ethanol mixture (T= 160°C, P= 80 bar, and t= 2 h) were investigated systematically. The content and yield of FAEE and EL obtained was found to be affected by the type of co-solvent. The content of FAEE and EL obtained without co-solvent (ethanol and water polarity index were PI=5.2 and PI=10.2, respectively) and with co-solvent of ethyl acetate (PI= 4.4), chloroform (PI= 4.1) and n-hexane (PI= 0.1) were 55.80% and 3.92%, 68.63% and 1.15%, 65.56% and 2.14%, and 62.00% and 0.93%, respectively. Higher polarity index of co-solvent extracted more RBO, as consequent the yield of FAEE (79.79%) obtained was higher using ethyl acetate as co-solvent. This data also suggested that RBO contains more free fatty acids (FFA= 63.59%) rather than of triglycerides (TG= 24.94%).The content and yield of FAEE and EL decreased with increasing water ethanol ratio. The highest content of FAEE (60.57%) and EL (8.48%) and yield of FAEE (78.03%) and EL (10.92%) were obtained using water ethanol ratio of 20%, v/v.