Papers by Keyword: Biomedical Application

Abstract: In this study, carbonate apatite [Ca_10-x(PO₄)_6-y(CO₃)_z(OH)_2-x-y-z, CHAp], a bone substitute material, was coated on roughened titanium through a sol-gel hydrothermal method. The sol-gel process was used to prepare calcium tartaric complexes, which were then subsequently hydrothermally treated on titanium in the presence of sodium hydroxide, and sodium hydrogen phosphate. The results showed that carbonate apatite, composed of nanosized fibers, was evenly deposited across the titanium surface. This coating resulted in a lower surface roughness (Ra) value of 1.31 μm compared to 3.98 μm for uncoated titanium. Additionally, the carbonate apatite coating decreased the contact angles of the titanium surface, thereby significantly enhancing cell attachment and migration compared to the uncoated surface. These results could be valuable for further evaluation of this coating in biomedical applications.

Abstract: The new update in advancement in nanotechnology has engaged to develop a new nanomaterial with a different functional property. The morphology modification of nanoparticles has exhibited excellent physio-chemical properties such as high reactivity and absorption rate, photochemical and magnetic property, and larger surface area. Moreover, biomedical application of nanoparticles are yet a hard tool to use for therapeutic application owing to its limits such as Pitiable target specificity, bio-compatibility, low photostability, toxicity to organically, poor blood retention and cellular absorption. Therefore advancement in nanotechnology is required to overcome these defects. In this background, new nanomaterials are identified with suitable biological, chemical and physical properties, which suits the required demands of the application. In this mini-review, we have covered the recent focuses of nanomaterials for biomedical application.

Abstract: This research presents a methodology for the design and manufacturing of miniature-scale force-sensing devices based on an additive manufactured sensor structure, coupled with strain gauge measuring elements, hereafter referred to as measuring device (MD). The proposed MD has been designed and manufactured to maximize the resolution of the steering force measurement in active needles utilized in biomedical applications. The force resolution is defined as the variation of the signal output of the four strain gauges bridge for predetermined increases of the applied force. By means of the proposed approach, the geometry and curing conditions of the sensor structure that allows achieving the maximum allowed deformation for the strain gauges, in the regions where they are installed on the sensor structure, can be defined a-priori, allowing to maximize the resolution of the measured force signal. The proposed methodology has been developed considering a sensor thickness ranging from 1 to 5mm and curing conditions varying from no curing up to 80°C for 120 minutes and showed that, by utilizing the proposed methodology, the measurable force range can be adjusted in the 0.1N~12.8N range with a relevant maximum and minimum resolutions ranging from 712.2 unit/N (force range : 0.1N~5N) to 362.2 unit/N (force range : 0.1N~12.8N), respectively.

Abstract: This paper aims to investigate effect of spark plasma sintering temperature on mechanical property of Ti + ZrO₂. The samples were prepared by SPS system with the different sintering temperature containing 900, 1,000, and 1,100 oC under the pressing pressure of 30 MPa in vacuum. The results show that hardness of Ti + 2 wt.% ZrO₂ alloy increases with increasing sintering temperature. The highest hardness was 363 HV while suitable temperature for sintering Ti + 2 wt.% ZrO₂ alloy was 1,100 oC. Further, the microstructure and crystal structure of all samples were single-α-phase structure with different in elements dispersion, which was related to amount of lattice expansion in the HCP structure.

Abstract: Electrochemical anodization is a unique surface modification technique for modifying the titanium surface. Electrochemical alteration of titanium surface increases the material efficiency in biomedical applications. The present research work analyses the fabrication of TiO₂ nanotubes by increasing the water content and the various results and characterization enhance the cell viability. The influence of water content in electrolytes improves cell viability and at the same time, it is non-toxic. The surface morphologies were studied with HR-SEM, phase transformation was characterized using X-ray diffraction and cell viability was investigated with MTT assay by NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells incubation time for 48 hours (standard time incubation).

Abstract: Research about the utilization of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V ELI) as implant material in the treatment of orthopedic cases had been increasing. Health problems appear due to the drawbacks of using titanium. The lack of titanium using is bio-inertness characteristic, which decreasing its bioactivity and results in low bone growth and effect for implant failure. The titanium can be modified with coating on the surface using a bioactive substance that is natural-source hydroxyapatite. Bovine-source hydroxyapatite (bovineHA) contains apatite component that is similar to human bone apatite. The coating process was carried out using particle size variation (25 μm, 63 μm, and 125 μm) of bovineHA. The electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method was applied to coat hydroxyapatite with 10 volt for 5 minutes onto the titanium surface. The result showed that different size particles have an effect on coating properties. The coating composed by particle-sized 25 μm has better surface coverage (95.89%), indicating more particle mass (particle weight 6.97x10³ μg) attached to surface material, thus resulting thick coating. The good coating characteristic using bovine-source hydroxyapatite with small particle size was expected can be used in biomedical applications due to fulfill the prerequisite of the bone implant.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the behavior of banana fiber (BF)-low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composite fracture toughness. The LDPE pellets are transformed into powder form which is then functioned as a matrix reinforced with banana fiber (BF). The composites were formed by injection molding techniques which are followed by atmospheric-pressure annealing at 90°C for 24 hours. The composite fracture toughness behavior was evaluated using the essential work of fracture (EWF) approach. The results show that fracture toughness which is characterized by essential fracture work (w_e) value increases by the presence of BF up to 5 wt.%. However, the w_e value starts to decrease in the composite with BF content of 6 wt.%. There is a mismatch about the phenomenon of non-essential fracture work. Stress-whitened zones can be seen and observed but non-essential fracture work based on curves is a negative value.

Abstract: Ti-based amorphous alloys containing no harmful elements are desired. However, many Ti-based amorphous alloys contain toxic elements such as Al, Ni, V and Be. The presence of toxic elements within amorphous alloys is a concern when they are intended for use as a biomaterial. This problem has steered many researchers toward the development of Ti-based amorphous alloys without toxic elements. Our novel amorphous alloys were developed based on this principle. A series of Ti44Zr10Pd10Cu6+xCo23-xTa7 (x = 0, 4, 8) amorphous alloys were developed for biomedical application. A series of protocol tests were performed to check for biocompatibility and potential use of the novel alloys in humans. First, alloy ingots were alloyed by induction melting and then cast into copper molds. The cast rod was then used as the plasma cathode in a filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition chamber to coat the 25-nm amorphous alloy thin film on the cover glass slides. These coated cover glass slides were then examined for biocompatibility. Cell proliferation and cell differentiation were investigated using Methylthiazol Tetrazolium assay test and by alkaline phosphatase assay on osteoblast like cells (SaOS-2), respectively. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was performed to evaluate the thin film surface characteristics. The thickness of thin film was analyzed using a Stylus profilometer. An adhesion scratch test was administered to evaluate the thin film adhesive strength and indirect hardness comparison. Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry was performed to study the elemental composition. Lastly, a medical grade Ti-6Al-4V alloy was studied in parallel as a control material. Results indicated that all investigated Ti-based amorphous alloys were non-cytotoxic and were comparable to the Ti-6AL-4V. They also demonstrated an ability to support differentiation of osteoblast like cells. The adhesion and the hardness of the thin films on the substrates were superior to that of Ti-6Al-4V. The results suggested that the novel alloys in this study could be potentially utilized in biomedical applications.

Abstract: Hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH₂), HA has similarities with human bone mineral composition and morphology, bioactive, and non-toxic. However, HA has a weakness in the decay of material, so it can inhibit the growth of new bone tissue. The other materials used as biodegradable bone substitute are Tri Calcium Phosphate (TCP). It has the reception of the body is almost as good as HA but it have fast decay time, so that the material has been discharged before the newly formed tissue. This study aimed to developed a Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) which is a combination of the properties of HA and TCP, it makes the decay time can be in accordance with the growth of new bone tissue. Calcination method was used in this study. Four groups of bovine bone samples were calcined at four different temperatures ranging from 1000^oC to 1300^oC using the electric furnace. The heating rate during calcination process was 5^oC/minute and dwell time of 2 hours. The calcined bioceramics samples are being examined to determine the characterization of materials. XRD testing to determine the chemical compounds, FTIR performed to determine the ionic bonds that exist in materials and SEM to determine the microstructure of the material calcination results. The current investigation confirms the possibility of producing porous BCP bone graft from porous bovine bone cube, without any important impurities as indicated by XRD and FT-IR techniques. The partially decomposition of HA into TCP was started when bovine bone samples were heated at 1200^oC.

Abstract: In this study, 2 wt% ZnFe₂O₄/HAp ceramic was prepared to form a promising composite material for future biomedical applications. Firstly, HAp powder was synthesized by precipitation using Ca(NO₃)₂ as the Ca source, (NH₄)₂HPO₄ as the P source and ammonia as a pH adjuster. To prepare 2 wt% of ZnFe₂O₄, ZnO and Fe₂O₃ powders were mixed in ethanol with sequent dehydration and then calcination (using stoichiometric ratio). Finally, 2 wt% of ZnFe₂O₄ powder was milled with 98 wt% of HAp powder for 10 minutes before uniaxial pressing and then sintering at 1200 °C for 3 hours to form 2 wt% ZnFe₂O₄/HAp ceramic. The prepared ceramic was characterized by X- ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD results revealed the ZnFe₂O₄/HAp ceramic with only HAp and ZnFe₂O₄ phases obtained, indicating that no impurities phases occurred. The FT-IR results revealed vibration bands of standard HAp and indicated the interaction between ZnFe₂O₄ and HAp. For the VSM results, the magnetization of composite was 0.05 emu/g and its coercivity was 44 Oe. These results could lead us to the development of a method for ZnFe₂O₄/HAp ceramic optimized for specific biomedical applications.