Papers by Keyword: Calcium Phosphate

Abstract: The search for the ideal eye implant for anophthalmic sockets continues notwithstanding the availability of orbital implants for years. This study focuses on the development of an innovative anti-bacterial calcium phosphate bioceramic orbital implant. Utilizing locally sourced calcium carbonate and kaolin clay and incorporating nano-zinc oxide, the implant aims to enhance antibacterial properties and promote bone regeneration. The primary objectives include optimizing the material composition, fabricating the bioceramic using conventional techniques, and evaluating the implant's physical and mechanical performance. The optimization involves varying calcination temperatures between 800°C and 1200°C and varying kaolin clay composition between 15% and 20%. The mineral composition was identified and determined using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). The physical and mechanical properties of the developed orbital were characterized using three-dimensional chromatography X-Ray scanner (3D CT-XRay), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and universal testing machine (UTM). In this study, it was found that the optimum calcination temperature yielding the desired biphasic calcium phosphate composition is 800°C. Moreover, the developed orbitals revealed a porous structure with an average pore size of 198 micrometers. The tests for compressive and flexural strength showed promising results surpassing some of the characteristics of commercially available bioceramic orbital implants. Overall, this study sought to offer a cost-effective and efficient solution for orbital implant surgeries, ultimately improving patient outcomes through enhanced material properties and localized production.

Abstract: The need to develop surviving implants and bone substitutes with good biocompatibility, mechanical strength and bioactivity, without causing toxicity, immune rejection and cancer had attracted the attention of many researchers over the years. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is one of the excellent calcium phosphates and major mineral component of vertebrate bone and teeth, which considerably enhances the biocompatibility, mechanical strength and bioactivity of artificial biomaterials in the body system. In addition, it creates porous and rough coated surface that aids the cell attachment, proliferation and the growth of tissue on the bone implants. Due to its high demand in biomedical applications, scientists had developed several, simple and efficient techniques to produce HA. This review outlines several techniques of manufacturing HA and summarizes the merits and demerits of each technique. Keywords: Biomaterials, calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, preparation techniques and bone

Abstract: Fish processing by-products, such as fish bone waste is usually considered as waste and will be disposed without fully utilizing it. Indeed, this by-product can serve as a cheap bio-resource for the production of high-value product, for instance, as an inexpensive source of calcium phosphate material. In this research, Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus sebae bones were subjected to thermal calcination to yield different calcium phosphate products. XRD, FTIR and HRTEM-SAED results revealed that biphasic HAp/β-TCP mixture was obtained by heat treatment of Lutjanus johnii bone while a single-phase HAp was prepared from Lutjanus sebae bone. In addition, it was shown that both Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus sebae bones had a merit in producing B-type carbonated composition that is advantageous for biomedical application. EDX result further corroborated the existence of inorganic elements such as Mg, Na and Sr. With their unique composition, the calcined products deriving from Lutjanus johnii and Lutjanus sebae bones can be further employed to form bioceramic scaffolds for bone engineering applications.

Abstract: Extraction of the natural halal hydroxyapatite (HAp) from fish scale (Black Tilapia) was produced by calcining of raw fish scale at 600 °C and 800 °C. The produced powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, (EDX). The crystallite size, cell parameters, strain and crystallinity of the raw fish scale and derived HAp calcined powder were observed from the XRD results. By increasing the calcination temperature, the average crystallite size HAp amount increased and close to the pure HAp (JCPDS: 9-432). SEM analysis showed the raw fish scale surface morphology contains collagen fiber compared with boiled and after calcination of the powder samples. The calcined fish scale powders at 800°C morphology was discovered embraced of hexagonal fragments form. The EDX investigation exposed that the fish scale from HAp powder calcined at temperature 600 °C contain a high amount of magnesium and sodium compared to the powder that was calcined at 800 °C.

Abstract: Hydroxyapatite is known as HAp, Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂, commonly used in orthopedics since it resembles the inorganic portion of human bone. Calcium, Ca and phosphorous, P are the main components of HAp, with Ca/P molar ratio of 1.67 capable of promoting bone growth. Large quantities of by-product waste from fisheries factories have a negative effect on the environment. Hence, this research was carried out to obtain biological natural HAp derived from fishery factory waste black tilapia fish bones. As a result, fish bone can be a low-cost source of HAp and important contributions in biomedical applications. To remove meat and other impurities, black tilapia fish bones were boiled at 100 °C followed by milling to produce a fine powder. The powder was calcined at 600 °C and 800 °C for 3 hours. Characterizations were done by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for mineralogy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for morphology and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, EDX for element analysis. The XRD results showed the existence of derived HAp, which was consistent with standard HAp. The raw samples tended to have denser and less porous microstructures than calcined samples were shown in SEM results. EDX results showed the chemical composition of Ca and P with present of magnesium, Mg and sodium, Na as their traces elements. The samples' Ca/P molar ratio was found to be higher than the stoichiometric HAp, >1.67. Thus, the findings show that producing calcium and phosphorus from fishery wastes is a viable option for biomedical applications with the present of trace elements to help accelerates bone growth.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of soaking time on the compositional and morphological changes of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD)-coated β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramic. In this study, an established method from our research group was used to prepare the β-TCP bioceramic pellets and expose them to acidic calcium phosphate solution for 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours to obtain DCPD coated layer on β-TCP pellets through dissolution-precipitation reaction. Characterization methods such as x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were carried out on the specimen. XRD and SEM analyses indicated that the peak intensity and density of DCPD crystal precipitated on the pellets were increased when increasing the soaking time. Therefore, it was confirmed that the DCPD coated layer formation on the β-TCP pellet surfaces depended on the exposure time to acidic calcium phosphate solution.

Abstract: The aim of this research is to synthesis biopolymeric materials from hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) (5 wt. %) blended with sodium alginate (SA) (10 wt. %) at 1:1 ratio fabricated by using freeze-drying technique. The HES/SA was treated with simulated body fluid (SBF) by immersion technique through the depositing of calcium phosphate on the scaffold’s surfaces. All scaffolds were characterizing by using field emission electron microscope (FESEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier infrared transform (ATR-FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FESEM images results displayed interconnected porous structure with diameter ranging from 40 to 400 μm with average apatite diameter in range of 95 nm – 148 nm. The ATR-FTIR results exhibit possible interactions between hydroxyl groups of HEC, SA and apatite groups of the scaffolds. The TGA results showed four different regions of mass losses, represents the amorphous transition temperature and water disposal, side-chain bond breaking, pyrolysis of SA and dihydroxylation behaviour of calcium phosphate, respectively. Cell-scaffolds interaction demonstrated that human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cells differentiated and spread well on scaffolds with better cell proliferation and attachment was more prominent on HEC/SA treated with SBF. Since these biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds showed promising results, these scaffolds could be adopted for the design of next-generation tissue-engineered bone grafts.

Abstract: Dentine hypersensitivity (DH) is a common issue among humans caused by the erosion of tooth enamel as a result of chewing and brushing incorrectly. The most effective treatment method is occluding the exposed dentine tubules. Because calcium phosphate is an important mineral and the most common mineral for dentine and orthopaedic application, this study focuses on the synthesis of bioactive gels containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles. The synthesis is performed using water-in-oil emulsion and characterized by the use of TGA, Rheological, TEM, and SEM techniques. This method used oleic fatty acids as an external phase and Tween 20 as surfactant to form water-in-oil nanodroplets. Gelatine was used to form the substance into a gel and increase its stability. The resulting nanoparticles had the same spherical shape and a similar size. Therefore, the varying amounts of gelatin do not affect the particle size. However, viscoelastic properties of gels were found to be changed. The ability of the gel for dentine tubule occlusion was investigated using SEM techniques. After 1 day, it was found that the gels can occlude dentine tubules.

Abstract: Bioactive apatite, which is hydroxyapatite (HAP) with the chemical formula of Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ have been extensively investigated for biomedical applications in bone and teeth implants due to its biocompatibility characteristics has similar physical-chemical characteristics with human bone. The issues to be highlighted here is to explore the potential of using food waste from goat bone to produce useful natural HAP. This study is to extract natural HAP powder from goat bone waste. The extraction process involved cleaning and boiling process, drying process, crushing, grinding and milling to obtain micron size powder of goat bone and joint. The sample then underwent a calcination process with 900°C, 1000°C, and 1100°C for goat bone and 900°C for goat joint with 3 hours holding time. The characteristic of produced HAP powder was characterised with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The in vitro testing of HAP completed by using Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) and SEM to observe the microstructure of apatite formation. The XRD and EDS results show the HAP crystallinity and Ca/P ratio increase with the increasing of calcination temperature for bone. The bone-like apatite formation appeared in the goat bone and joint sample with calcination temperature 900°C, 1000°C, and 1100°C. The optimum hydroxyapatite is from goat bone sample with calcination temperature 1100°C due to the apatite growth fully cover the surface of the sample with a needle shape structure of the cauliflower structure.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the behavior of osteoclast cells response on dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) layer-coated β-TCP granules. β-TCP granules with 300-600 μm were exposed to acidic calcium phosphate solution for 30 mins in order to get 10 mol% DCPD layer-coated β-TCP granular. DCPD free-coated β-TCP granular had used as control specimen. Both specimens were implant in 9 mm of rat calvarial bone defect for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, the block section of rat calvarial containing specimen were removed for Tatrate-Resistance Acid Phosphatase (TRAP) analysis. Results of TRAP staining reveal that the number of osteoclast cells attached on 10 mol% layer-coated β-TCP granular is higher than DCPD free-coated β-TCP granular. Since remodeling of new bone formation involved simultaneous osteoclast and osteoblast cells response, therefore, the results obtained in this study indicated that the presence of DCPD layer-coated on β-TCP granular helps to improve osteoclast cells response that contribute in stimulating new bone formation.