Papers by Keyword: Cancer

Abstract: Due to the super-linear growth of the number of particle (especially, proton) therapy centers in 2010–2018, many researchers forecasted the number of patients treated by proton therapy to reach 500–550 thousand before 2026. However, the real farther overall spread of hadron therapy was much slower due to its high cost, very high research intensity, and very high requirements for medical and engineering staff, so that by the end of 2026 the number of patients will reach only 410–415 thousand, clearly tending to saturation with an ever decreasing share of ion therapy and showing that the increase of the biological efficacy and safety of proton and especially heavy ion therapy is it is an urgent need of today’s time. The most promising and experimentally substantiated concept of the whole body and the highly localized combination cancer therapy was developed and tested by Japanese and Georgian researchers in 2015–2020, which clearly demonstrated the high efficiency of the highly localized multicomponent combined therapy of cancer. This paper reports in vitro and in vivo data on the relative anticancer efficacy and acute toxicity of the 50 various multicomponent nanoparticle containing anticancer combinations in comparison to the widely used anticancer drugs gemcitabine, carboplatin, cisplatin and paclitaxel systematically applied against the Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), clearly showing that the newly developed combinations can be several times more efficient and have a several times less toxicity than the usually applied anticancer drugs. The obtained data also provide sufficient reasons to conclude that the significant increase in the effectiveness of combined formulations is caused by the super-additive synergistic interaction of nanoparticles and of the active components of anticancer mixtures. It is especially important that the newly developed “cocktails” reveal a 3 to 10 times increased therapeutic window due to several times increased necrotic and apoptotic activity against the cancer cells in comparison to healthy tissue cells, drastically increasing the therapeutic value of the drugs due to higher efficacy, higher safety and significantly reduced duration and costs of treatment.

Abstract: Nanoparticles have emerged as promising tools for cancer treatment due to their ability to selectively deliver drugs to the tumor site while avoiding significant systemic side effects. Chitosan nanoparticles, among various types of nanoparticles, have gained significant attention due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and local drug delivery capacity. The electrospray technique is an efficient method for preparing chitosan nanoparticles, offering reproducibility, scalability, and high drug encapsulation efficiency. This technique has gained popularity due to its ease of use and flexibility in meeting various demands of nanoparticle production. Recent studies have investigated the potential of chitosan nanoparticles prepared by electrospray technique to encapsulate a range of drugs. The method leverages active surface absorption, binding, or complexation with drugs. For example, chitosan-based nanoparticles loaded with DOX and QUE achieved high encapsulation efficiency of 83% and effectively inhibited the growth of HCT-116 cancer cells. Similarly, SNP-CH-DOX-CM nanoparticles showed significant anti-cancer activity against HepG2 tumors. However, it should be noted that the toxicity of nanoparticles is directly related to the concentration of the active substance. Therefore, careful optimization of drug dosing is necessary to minimize any potential toxicity.

Abstract: Cervical cancer is a common cancer that affects women around the world, and it is also the most common cancer in the developing countries. The cancer burden has increased due to several factors, such as population growth and ageing. In the early century, the systematization of cervical cancer cells takes some time to process manually, and the result that comes out is also inaccurate. This article presents a new nucleus segmentation on pap smear cell images based on structured analysis or morphological approach. Morphology is a broad set of image processing operations that process images based on shape, size and structure. This operation applies a structural element of the image to create an output image of the same size. The most basic of these operations are dilation and erosion. The results of the numerical analysis indicate that the proposed method achieved about 94.38% (sensitivity), 82.56% (specificity) and 93% (accuracy). Also, the resulting performance was compared to a few existing techniques such as Bradley Method, Nick Method and Sauvola Method. The results presented here may facilitate improvements in the detection method of the pap smear cell image to resolve the time-consuming issue and support better system performance to prevent low precision result of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) stages. The main impact of this paper is will help the doctor to identify the patient disease based on Pap smear analysis such as cervical cancer and increase the percentages of accuracy compared to the conventional method. Successful implementation of the nucleus detection techniques on Pap smear image can become a standard technique for the diagnosis of various microbiological infections such as Malaria and Tuberculosis.

Abstract: This work reports evidence of the synthesis of zeolite A at two different temperatures (60 °C and 105 °C) from kaolin. XRD spectral analysis revealed percent crystallinity of 74 ± 2 and 71 ± 3 in LTA60 and LTA105 respectively. The average crystallize size of LTA60 and LTA105 was also estimated using Scherrer’s equation to be 57 nm. FTIR analysis showed signature peaks characteristics of zeolite A in the two materials, except the appearance of absorbance peak at 2380 cm^{− 1} in the LTA60 spectrum which was not observed in LTA105. Nitrogen porosity measurements of LTA60 and LTA105 gave the following parameters: average pore width of 2.45 and 1.01 nm respectively for LTA60 and LTA105, surface areas of 19.18 and 8.00 m²/g and pore volume of 0.012 and 0.002 cm³/g in that order. The influence of the materials on HeLa cancer cell growth was also investigated and the results showed differential inhibitory effects with LTA60 revealing pronounced inhibitory effects compared to LTA105 after 72 hours of cell incubation. This studies highlighted the importance of crystallization conditions that could influence the physicochemical parameters including structure, porosity, size, and morphology of zeolite materials on cell activity. The work also provided unique opportunities for utilizing natural deposits of kaolin globally to fabricate biomimetic materials for various biological applications.

Abstract: Most of mortality worldwide occurs because of cancer diseases. Nanostructures are the new compounds that have become one of the most important technologies for using in different fields over the past two years especially in medicine. In between, nanotechnology has the potential to cancer detection and therapy. This study is a review of prospects in applications of nano-materials for cancer detection and treatment. We have summarized the nano-materials (metal nanospheres, nanorods, nanoshells and nanotubes) in medical applications targeting cancer. We also discuss advances in established nanoparticle technologies such as liposomes, polymer micelles, and functionalization about tumor targeting, controlled release and drug delivery. This paper will discuss the therapeutic applications of different nano-materials with a major focus on their applications for the treatment of cancer. Briefly, the toxicity of conventional nanostructures was also mentioned in this paper.

Abstract: Triptolide (TPL) is a traditional Chinese medicine and an active component of a Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii F. (Celastraceae). Triptolide has been used to treat a variety of ailments, including rheumatoid arthritis, nephritic syndrome and Lupus erythematosus. It is also a strong antitumor agent. Several angiogenesis assays in numerous research studies have shown that triptolide is an angiogenesis inhibitor. Numerous preclinical studies have shown that TPL inhibits cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and limits tumor metastasis. TPL also has a synergistic action with other treatment methods whereby, it enhances the effects of other antitumor treatments, as studied in various cancer cell lines. This review summarizes the recent developments and discussion of antiangiogenic mechanisms of TPL in cancer, brief outline of its clinical trials and its future in cancer therapeutics.

Abstract: An understanding of normal tissue response is necessary for the optimization of radiation treatment in cancer therapy. Cancer cells exhibit altered local dielectric properties compared to normal cells because of the difference in shape, size and orientation. These properties are measurable as a difference in electrical conductance using electrical impedance spectroscopy. Multiple frequency bioimpedance analysis is used to measure change in electrical properties of the irradiated tissues as a function of frequency and time. From the experimental results, it is clear that the electrical properties demonstrated good detection performance. The electrical parameters of the tissues could be used to distinguish the tissue's status. Changes in electrical properties at different frequencies show, that there are differences between conductivity of non-irradiated and irradiated tissues.

Abstract: Patients with parotid gland cancer underwent parotidectomy followed by neutron therapy. Organ-preserving surgery with fascial nerve preservation was performed in 28 patients. Dynamics of recovery processes in n. facialis and mimic musculature innerveted by this facial nerve was assessed by electroneuromyographic method. The quantitative evaluation of the quality of life of patients was carried out in accordance with International Protocol of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Organ-preserving surgery followed by neutron therapy for parotid gland cancer was found to result no in significant functional impairments of mimic musculature, speech and eating, thus allowing the terms of social adaptation to be reduced and life quality of patients to be improved.

Abstract: Various biomedical applications of nanomaterials have been proposed in the last few years leading to the emergence of a new field in diagnostics and therapeutics. Most of these applications involve the administration of nanoparticles into patients. Carbon Nanotubes are enjoying increasing popularity as building blocks for novel drug delivery systems as well as for bioimaging and biosensing. The recent strategies to functionalize carbon nanotubes have resulted in the generation of biocompatible and water-soluble carbon nanotubes that are well suited for high treatment efficacy and minimum side effects for future cancer therapies with low drug doses. The toxicological profile of such carbon nanotube systems developed as nanomedicines will have to be determined prior to any clinical studies undertaken.

Abstract: The goal of our study is to develop genetically engineered polypeptides that self-assemble into nanoparticulates, which can present functional moieties on their exterior and sequester drugs and/or imaging agents within their interior. These particulates are intended to improve the detection and treatment of malignancy.