Papers by Keyword: Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Abstract: The use of biodegradable materials from renewable natural resources helps to reduce the percentage of plastic waste. In this study, we used banana peel starch (Musa Paradisiaca L.) and shrimp shell chitosan as the basic material for bioplastic by adding glycerol. In this process, additives in the form of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are also used. to increase the biodegradability level of the bioplastic. The composition of chitosan and glycerol used were 1 gr and 1%, respectively. Starch variations were 1, 2, and 3 grams, while CMC were 0.5, 1, and 1.5 grams. The results of this study, namely the Optical Microscope test showed that the bioplastic structure still contained pinholes (air bubbles), indentations, and non-homogeneous starch. In the tensile test conducted on samples G and C, the average tensile strength was 0.01063 MPa, the average elongation was 2.65% and the average Young's modulus was 2.159 MPa. The results of the Biodegradation Test showed that variations in the addition of CMC composition to bioplastics significantly affect the percent degradation value, where the greater the CMC composition, the higher the percent degradation value.

Abstract: One way to overcome the problem of non-renewable plastic raw materials and hard-to-degrade plastic waste is to make plastics that are easily degraded and use renewable raw materials. This research makes bioplastics from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), cassava peel starch, oleic acid plasticizer, and Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC). In the manufacturing process, OPEFB is extracted to produce cellulose. Then, the starch and cellulose acetate solutions and CMC were mixed with stirring for 15 minutes and then 1 mL of oleic acid was added at a temperature of 70-80oC. Next, the bioplastic solution was molded and heated in an oven at 60°C for 6 hours. Variations in the composition of CMC by 35%, 40% and 45%. The results of this study obtained the highest water absorption value at 40% CMC variation of 88.89%. The highest biodegradation test value was at 40% CMC variation of 70.48%. Whereas for the highest tensile strength value in the 35% CMC composition variation of 2,133 MPa. For the highest elongation at 40% CMC variation of 2.212%. Thus, the more CMC composition used, the easier it is for bioplastics to be degraded.

Abstract: The semi-crystalline nature of bio-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) can impede ionic mobility, thereby reducing their ionic conductivity. One established method to enhance the ionic conductivity of SPE involves the addition of fillers. In this study, SPE was prepared using a solution casting method, comprising carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the biopolymer host, lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI) as the charge carrier, and zinc oxide (ZnO) as the nanofiller. We investigated the impact of ZnO on the electronic and chemical properties of the CMC-LiTFSI SPE through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The highest ionic conductivity of 1.94 x 10^-6 S/cm was achieved with 4 wt.% ZnO. FTIR spectra demonstrated complexation between CMC, LiTFSI salt, and ZnO nanofiller. XRD analysis indicated an improvement in the amorphous nature as ZnO was added to CMC-LiTFSI system, which explained the increase in ionic conductivity. In conclusion, ZnO present a promising choice as a nanofiller to enhance the ionic conductivity a of the CMC-LiTFSI SPE system. Keywords: Solid polymer electrolyte; carboxymethyl cellulose; zinc oxide nanofiller; ionic conductivity

Abstract: In this work, the researchers developed a new composite membrane based on Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) doped carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) matrix to obtain mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) that showed a high methanol resistance and also applied the citric acid (CA) as a crosslinking agent. The addition of Phosphotungstic Acid (PTA) as filler into the CMC/PVA matrix aims to improve the performance of the membranes. The composite membranes were evaluated for chemical stability, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), water uptake (WU), methanol uptake (MU), methanol permeability, and ion exchange capacity (IEC). The results showed the prominent value of oxidation stability according to its weight loss of 49.81 to 7.39% at 50 °C, the WU in the range of ± to 71.34%, the IEC of 0.17 to 0.72 mmol/g, the MU in the range 31.96 % to 4.38% and permeability of methanol in the range 17.28 × 10^-7 to 2.27 × 10^-7 cm²/s. The methanol permeability and uptake decreased along with the increase of the amount of PTA in the composite membrane. The addition of PTA increased the IEC and demonstrated significant positive effects in the composite membranes. In conclusion, the CMC/PVA/PTA membrane can be recommended as promising biomaterial for polymer electrolyte membrane direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications.

Abstract: Adsorbents from green and sustainable source are highly desirable for practical applications. In this study, humic acid-like substance extracted from dry horse dung powder and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were adopted to fabricate a composite immobilized on magnetic precipitates of magnetite. The as-prepared adsorbent, denoted as CMC-MHDHA, was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (TEM and SEM-EDX), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibration sample magnometer (VSM). Application to the synthetic wastewater of Pb (II) and Rhodamine B (RhB), a high Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of 63.38 and 42.78 mg/g was achieved over CMC-MHDHA, respectively. The fabricated adsorbent was also demonstrating quick and easy retraction of pollutant-loaded adsorbent by an external magnet with the magnetic strength of 40.7 emu/g. Based on the estimated free adsorption energy of Dubinin-Radusckevich (D-R) isotherm model, the adsorption interaction of both Pb (II) (9.76 kJ/mol) and RhB (12.39 kJ/mol) with CMC-MHDHA was mainly occurred by ion exchange mechanism. Adsorption rate analysis at the initial adsorbate concentration ranged from 50 to 400 mg/L of both Pb (II) and RhB showed that the rapid adsorption generally occurs in early 20 minutes then slow down and reaches equilibrium after 180 minutes. The Ho (pseudo second order) kinetics model represent appropriately the adsorption of both Pb (II) and RhB onto the adsorbent. The developed adsorbent is also reusable with 72.3% of stability in pH 11. Therefore, the adsorbent of CMC-MHDHA is suggested to be a promising candidate for adsorption applications.

Abstract: The high mobility of urea as a nitrogen nutrient in the soil leads to inefficient absorption by plants. Hence efforts to design a slow-release fertilizer (SRF) are significant. This paper reports the incorporation of urea fertilizer with carbon or zeolite in a bioplastic made of carboxymethyl cellulose as the matrix. The bioplastics were made by mixing the zeolite or activated carbon suspensions into a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) gel. Glycerol was then added as a plasticizer. Six variations of bioplastics were prepared, namely CMC-urea 0.5 and 1.0, CMC-urea-zeolite, CMC-urea-zeolite-glycerol, CMC-urea-activated carbon, and CMC-urea-activated carbon-glycerol. The weight ratio of CMC and urea fertilizer was kept constant at 2:1 since the resulted bioplastics showed higher texture transparency and homogeneity than those of bioplastics with a weight ratio of CMC to urea 1:1. The addition of zeolite increased the tensile strength of the bioplastics by about two times. While, the glycerol addition improved the elongation at break. The release of urea from the bioplastics was slower for bioplastics with zeolite than with activated carbon. The composite bioplastics may serve as a slow-release urea for agriculture.

Abstract: Rice starch (RS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are natural polymers that can be widely used for numerous biomedical applications such as hydrogels, capsules, drug delivery system, wound dressing. The purpose of this study was to prepare and investigate the appropriate weight ratio of RS/CMC blend films by solution casting technique. The swelling ratio and solubility were evaluated. The mechanical properties, intermolecular interaction, and morphology were also analyzed by the universal mechanical testing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results indicated that the suitable ratio of RS/CMC blend film was 60/40. The swelling ratio, solubility, tensile strength, and elongation at break were 46.8±0.3 times, 21.63±0.72 %, 30.4±1.5 MPa and 5.76±0.31 %, respectively. Moreover, the physical linkages exhibited mainly between the hydroxyl groups of RS and the carboxyl groups of CMC. In addition, the cross-sectional SEM images of blended films showed the miscibility of RS and CMC. This study suggested that the RS/CMC blended film can be used as a hemostatic film.

Abstract: This study proposes an innovative coating material and procedure to extend the shelf-life of fresh-cut pineapple classified as “minimally processed foods”. The novelty of this work consists of the using of biodegradable cases for the storage of fruits during the experiments under refrigerated conditions. In addition, the application of the coating process was evaluated over a period of 15 days and a complete characterization of the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) was performed by gaschromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assess the effect of the coating material on the flavor, the appearance and the quality of the fruits. Results demonstrated that the application of carboxymethyl cellulose and ascorbic acid on pretreated fresh-cut pineapple is able to reduce the aging process and prolonge the shelf-life of pineapple without requiring conventional PVC cases for storage.

Abstract: Antibacterial wound dressing has an important key in an infection in traumatic and surgical wounds. However, the antibacterial wound dressing is high cost and few domestic medical productions. The aim of this study is to prepare a wound dressing hydrogel from hybrid gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose (Gel/CMC) hydrogel crosslinked with citric acid at different Gel: CMC ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 by solvent casting. The gel fractions and swelling of 6.0%w/v CuSO₄ loading hybrid Gel/CMC hydrogel (Cu-Gel/CMC hydrogel) were a maximum of about 44% to 53% and 85% to 245%, respectively. The results showed that the 1:1 Gel: CMC of hydrogel produce was the most suitable condition due to its good gel fractions and swelling behavior. The cumulative Cu²⁺ release was a maximum of about 45% in 7 days. The hybrid Cu-Gel/CMC hydrogel showed the zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) about 16 mm and 19 mm, sequentially. The research provided that the hybrid Cu-Gel/CMC hydrogel has the potential to use in medical applications.

Abstract: Banana (Musa acuminate) is one of the important fruit crop cultivated in Indonesia. Banana stems is waste biomass form banana farming which the amount is very abundant. Recently, the banana stems waste was used for animal feed, but the amount is small, mostly goes as waste. Banana stems have a high cellulose and hemicellulose content, more than 60%, which made it useful for row material of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC). In this paper, we synthesized CMC from banana stems and apply it as binder in the electrodes of lithium ion battery. The steps of synthesizing CMC from banana stems started with the isolation of the cellulose, then followed by the processes of alkalization, carboxymethylation and finally the purification. FTIR spectrum shows the absorption bands at 3427 cm^-1, 2928 cm^-1, 1613 cm^-1 and 1420 cm^-1 which indicated the successfully of CMC synthesized. The presence of strong absorption bands at 1613 cm^-1 and 1420 cm^-1 are related to the stretching vibration of the carboxyl group (COO-) and (COO-Na). The peak absorption at around 2928 cm^-1 is due to stretching vibration of all hydrocarbon constituent in CMC. While the broad absorption around 3427 cm^-1 is due to the stretching vibration of the hydroxyl groups (-OH). The purity test of CMC mesh-100 is resulting the purity values of 99.84%. These results prove that CMS has actually been formed with high purity. In the application of CMC as anode binder, the best composition is 3 % CMC, where it gives the highest conductivity of 0.457 S/cm. Voltammogram cyclic measurement with a scan rate of 50 mV/s in the voltage range of -1.2 to 1.2 Volt gives the capacitance value of 18 mF.