Papers by Keyword: Catalytic Pyrolysis

Abstract: Pyrolysis of buckwheat straw with or without catalysts was investigated using the TGA-FTIR method to determine the influence of nickel and cobalt ferrites on the distribution of pyrolysis products. According to the obtained results, the overall shape of the thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric curves is unchanged in the presence of nickel and cobalt ferrites but different weight losses were observed. All catalysts contribute to the formation of solid residue from BWS pyrolysis. The presence of cobalt ferrites exhibited the highest bio-oil yields, whereas the highest non-condensable gas yield and the lowest bio-oil yield was obtained with the addition of NiFe₂O₄ (1) catalyst. According to the obtained results, the ability of nickel and cobalt ferrites to catalyze deoxygenation reactions depends on the crystallite size. The nickel or cobalt ferrites with smaller crystallite size (15-22 nm) show a higher ability to catalyzed dehydration reaction than catalysts with larger crystallite size (45-54 nm).

Abstract: In this study, an activated natural dolomite catalyst is used as catalyst for the palm empty fruit bunches (PEFB) pyrolysis to produce bio-oil. The research was conducted in fixed bed reactors operating in batches by varying several parameters, which are temperature (400-600°C) and nitrogen gas flow rate (100-300 mL.min^-1). The results show that the catalytic pyrolysis process using an activated natural dolomite catalyst obtains a maximum liquid yield of 35.87% when using a 500°C catalytic pyrolysis temperature and the rate of nitrogen gas is 100 cm³/minute, while the yield of gas and solids is 53.12% and 11.76%, respectively. The use of the dolomite activation catalyst influences the product distribution of pyrolysis and the bio-oil chemical compounds.

Abstract: Due to diminishing fossil fuel, energy alternative availability becomes very crucial. Bio-oil is one of the alternative energy sources obtaining from the biomass pyrolysis process. This study's aim is to determine the effect of temperature and the addition of catalysts in the pyrolysis process. The catalyst was made of natural zeolite which was activated with an H₂SO₄ solution of 0.5 N and then heated at 350 °C for 12 hours. The pyrolysis of dry pine cone powder was run in a fluidized bed reactor enclosed by a furnace at a heating rate of 15 °C/min and residence time for 3 hours. From the existing variations, the largest bio-oil yield i.e. 34.28% was obtained from non-catalytic pyrolysis at the temperature of 500 °C, however, the bio-oil conceived high acids. On the other hand, the bio-oil comprised high phenolics and aromatics were generated from catalytic pyrolysis with 5% wt catalyst at a temperature of 500 °C. Eventually, the bio-oil from Pinus Merkusii cone has the potential to be biofuel and biochemical materials.

Abstract: In this study SBA-15 based catalysts loaded with copper oxide were synthesized, characterised and investigated in fast catalytic pyrolysis of rapeseed oil using catalyst mixing method. Results of catalyst characterisation showed that all synthesised samples are mesoporous silica with uniform hexagonal shape cylindrical pores with space group P6mm and average pore size of 6 nm. Supported CuO did not influence the uniform hexagonal shape; however surface area and pore diameter decreased with increasing CuO loading. Investigation of fast pyrolysis of rapeseed oil shows that supporting with CuO suppresses the deoxygenation in form of H₂O, CO and CO₂ =regardless of the amount of CuO. At the same time supported CuO increased the content of oxygenates in the pyrolysis products = linearly to the CuO amount till 6-8% m/m of CuO. Further scale up the CuO content lowered the yield of oxygenates.

Abstract: Two transition metals were loaded on H-ZSM-5 zeolite to produce bimetallic zeolite supported catalysts for catalytic pyrolysis reaction. Ni and Co metal were loaded on H-ZSM-5 via wet impregnation method. The loading sequence was applied using one-step and two-step loading method. The different loading sequence affect surface properties of catalyst and catalytic activity in pyrolysis reaction. The bimetallic catalysts were prepared at Ni+Co metal loading content of 10+10 wt% (Ni:Co=1:1) to 10+20 wt% (Ni:Co=1:2 or 2:1). All bimetallic catalysts supported on H-ZSM-5 were calcined and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Surface area analysis (BET) and Temperature Programmed Desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD). The XRD patterns of bimetallic zeolite supported catalysts revealed that loading of two metals at high content affect crystalline structural of ZSM-5 support. All XRD patterns illustrated peaks characteristic of ZSM-5, cobalt oxide and nickel oxide. The NH₃-TPD results showed number of acid sites of the catalyst which revealed that the acid sites of ZSM-5 support was weakened with transition metal added. The two-step loading of 10+20 wt% metals on ZSM-5 reduced the peak intensities of NH₃ desorption due to the metal particles aggregate on acid sites of ZSM-5. The two-step 10+20 wt% bimetallic catalysts has the lowest surface acidity, followed by the one-step 10+20 wt%, the two-step 10+10 wt% and the one-step 10+10 wt% bimetallic catalysts, respectively. Jatropha residue was used for catalytic pyrolysis study. Jatropha residue and bimetallic catalyst was pyrolyzed at 500 °C in a pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The product vapor was analyzed by GC/MS for the different groups of organic products such as fatty acid, aldehydes, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrogen compounds. The product from catalytic pyrolysis of jatropha residue with bimetallic zeolite supported catalysts enhance deoxygenation reaction that resulted in high aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons product. The one-step loading at ratio Ni:Co = 1:1 (10+10 wt%) gave the highest hydrocarbons product yield at 57.81%.

Abstract: Pyrolysis process in a fixed bed reactor was performed to derive pyrolytic oil from groundnut shell. Experiments were conducted with different operating parameters to establish optimum conditions with respect to maximum pyrolytic oil yield. Pyrolysis process was carried out without catalyst (thermal pyrolysis) and with catalyst (catalytic pyrolysis). The Kaolin is used as a catalyst for this study. The maximum pyrolytic oil yield (39%wt) was obtained at 450°C temperature for 1.18- 2.36 mm of particle size and heating rate of 60^°C/min. The properties of pyrolytic oil obtained by thermal and catalytic pyrolysis were characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques to identify the functional groups and chemical components present in the pyrolytic oil. The study found that catalytic pyrolysis produce more pyrolytic oil yield and improve the pH value, viscosity and calorific value of the pyrolytic oil as compared to thermal pyrolysis.

Abstract: Activated carbon (AC) was reported as a promising catalyst to selectively produce phenolic compounds from biomass using the micro-wave assisted catalytic pyrolysis technique. In order to evaluate the catalytic performance of the AC under the traditional fast pyrolysis process, analytical pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) technique was applied for the catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass mixed with the AC. Polar wood was selected as the feedstock, and experiments were conducted to reveal the AC-catalyzed poplar wood pyrolysis behavior and product distribution. The results indicated that the AC was also effective for the phenolics production in the traditional fast pyrolysis process at 350 °C. It could promote the formation of phenolic compounds, and inhibit most of the other pyrolytic products. The maximal phenolics yield was obtained at the biomass to catalyst ratio of 1:4, with the peak area% over 50%.

Abstract: This study attempted to recycle bamboo waste, based on catalytic pyrolysis (TiO₂ as catalyst), to produce composite TiO₂-bamboo charcoal and bamboo oil simultaneously. The yield and characteristics of TiO₂-bamboo charcoal were investigated by thermogravimetry, elemental analysis and SEM. The results indicated that the yield of bamboo charcoal decreased with the increase of temperature, and the influence of catalyst was not distinct; after adding TiO₂, the H/C and O/C ratios of charcoal were increased from 18.81% and 3.74% to 26.05% and 4.09% respectively, and the particles of TiO₂ were adhered to bamboo charcoal with a very porous structure. Using GC-MS, the composition of bamboo oil was analyzed and the results showed that there were about 9-10 compounds with contributed to more than 2% area, and phenol was the most compound detected in all of the samples.

Abstract: Chlorella samples were pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor with γ-Al₂O₃ or ZSM-5 molecular sieve catalyst at 600°C. Liquid oil samples was collected from pyrolysis experiments in a condenser and characterized for water content, kinematic viscosity and heating value. In the presence of catalysts , gas yield decreased and liquid yield increased when compared with non-catalytic pyrolysis at the same temperatures. Moreover, pyrolysis oil from catalytic with γ-Al₂O₃ runs carries lower water content and lower viscosity and higher heating value. Comparison of two catalytic products, the results were showed that γ-Al₂O₃ has a higher activity than that of ZSM-5 molecular sieve. The acidity distribution in these samples has been measured by t.p.d, of ammonia, the γ-Al₂O₃ shows a lower acidity. The γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst shows promise for production of high-quality bio-oil from algae via the catalytic pyrolysis.

Abstract: The market demand of bio-fuel is 11,8 billion litters based on recent reported data. Hence, with the high demand of bio-fuel, the bio-fuel production utilizing rice husk can be one of the solutions. Beside, bio-oil can be produced by pyrolysis process utilizing rice husk as the feedstock. In this research, the optimization condition in producing bio-oil from rice husk by catalytic pyrolysis process was studied. The effect of catalyst type (H-β, H-Y, HZSM-5), catalyst loading (1wt%, 5wt%, 12wt%), temperature (400-500°C) and flow rate (60-100ml/min) were investigated through repetitive experiments using L9 Taguchi Orthogonal Array. The highest liquid yield of 38wt% was obtained at the optimum conditions with temperature of 500°C with nitrogen flow rate of 60ml/min and 12wt% of H-ZSM-5.