Papers by Keyword: Cathode

Abstract: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are among the most promising clean energy technologies, yet their widespread commercialization is hindered by high operating temperatures, material degradation, and cost challenges. Recent advances in anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials have enabled SOFCs to operate efficiently at intermediate temperatures (500–800 °C), thereby reducing thermal stress and manufacturing costs. For instance, gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) has demonstrated up to three times higher ionic conductivity than yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) at 600 °C, while perovskite-based cathodes such as LSCF (La₀.₆Sr₀.₄Co₀.₂Fe₀.₈O₃−δ) exhibit superior catalytic activity and stability compared to conventional lanthanum manganite. This review critically analyzes the progress in SOFC material development, highlights key fabrication strategies such as spin coating and advanced thin-film deposition, and evaluates techno-economic considerations for scaling up. The study also outlines future research directions including nanostructuring, hybrid electrolytes, and durability testing to accelerate commercialization.

Abstract: Along with the rapid development of technology in this modern era, batteries have a significant role, used as energy storage devices. Lithium-ion batteries have reliable characteristics as energy sources for electronic devices and electric vehicles. Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) is claimed to be the best cathode for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. This study aims to analyze the effect of the addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles as a coating material with variations of 1, 3, and 5 wt.% on the morphology and electrochemical performance of LiNi_0.9Mn_0.05Co_0.05O₂ (NMC 955). The coating process with the addition of TiO₂ through ball milling method at a speed of 600 rpm for 1 minute and 1000 rpm for 60 minutes. The results obtained are an increase in particle diameter in the 5 wt.% variation with particle size in the range from 0.1 to 0.5 μm. NMC 955 TiO₂ 1% has the highest specific capacity of 168 mAh g^-1 at 0.5 C. It is indicated that the process of adding TiO₂ coating on NMC 955, can improve the electrochemical performance in terms of specific capacity compared to NMC 955 without TiO₂ coating.

Abstract: Due to its abundant availability and classification as biomass, the focus in renewable energy is currently centred on the use of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) as an alternative material for carbon production that can be used in many applications, one of which is batteries. The type of battery that is trying to use is a primary battery. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of different concentrations of NaOH activation and immersion time on OPEFB activated carbon by analyzing the result of surface area, morphology, and electrical properties. The study found that 1 M NaOH concentration and an 18-hour immersion time were optimal, producing a surface area of 281.96 m²/g and a voltage of 0.785 V. These findings align with and contribute to existing research on biomass utilization in energy storage, demonstrating the potential of OPEFB-activated carbon in battery applications and highlighting the significance of further research in this area to enhance battery performance and scalability.

Abstract: The synthesis of Ni_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ (NCA) cathode material is performed using the one-pot synthesis. This system is combined with the solution combustion method to produce ternary metal oxide (TMO). Nitric acid acts as an oxidizer and various amount of urea act as fuel for the combustion process. NCA material has a good hexagonal layer structure and the average particle size obtained was 1.17 µm. The electrochemical analysis showed that NCA cathode material obtained at a ratio NCA-OH: urea = 1: 2 has the highest specific discharge capacities of 118.617 mAh.g^-1, with a stability of up to 10 cycles.

Abstract: Battery technology applications for energy storage are currently increasing. The most popular kind of battery in use today is the lithium-ion battery. However, lithium is limited. In fact, the need for batteries as energy storage devices grows over time. One alternative for replacing lithium-ion batteries is the sodium-ion battery because its characteristics are similar to lithium’s and it is very abundant. In this study, Na-NCM 532 has been successfully produced using a co-precipitation and solid-state method combination. The co-precipitation process, using oxalic acid as a precipitation agent and ammonia as a pH adjustor, can be used to create sodium ion-based cathode materials. It is clear from the characterization that the material has been formed and has a good structure. A hexagonally layered material structure can be seen in the XRD patterns. FTIR analysis revealed that the material was produced after the sintering process. The morphology of the substance, which has dimensions between 1 to 5 micrometers, was revealed by a SEM investigation. The EIS test results show a battery conductivity of 1.24 x 10^-4 Scm^-1_. The electrochemical performance of the Na-NCM 532 cathode sodium battery and hard carbon anode was evaluated in a type 18650 cylindrical cell. The sodium battery was tested at a voltage window of 1.5-3.7 V and a current of 0.05C produced a capacity of 40 mAhg^-1.

Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the favorite energy storage devices that are applied to mobile and stationary energy storage applications. The widespread use of Li-ion batteries requires an increase in the energy density of each battery cell. Anode-free Li-ion Batteries (AFLIBs) are new types of LIBs models that offer high energy density. However, there are still many challenges in fabricating AFLIBs toward commercial use, mainly improving the battery cycle and the efficiency of intercalation/deintercalation of Li-ion between two electrodes. In this research, the fabrication of AFLIBs is studied, optimized, and integrated with cathode materials to be commercial cylindrical full-cell LIBs. The comparison of an active cathode material between LiFePO₄ (LFP) and NMC622 showed that NMC622 performed better than LFP. The optimum condition of cathode materials coating thickness is 200 microns achieving 2.75 mAh cm-2 of area capacity. Furthermore, the gold platting strategy is proposed to modify the Cu foil surface to improve the electrical performance and stability of AFLBs. As a result, the control gold plating with 5 nm thickness increases the full-cell capacity of AFLBs to 142.89 mAh g-1 with a capacity retention percentage of 95.41% after five cycles.

Abstract: Due to the high theoretical specific capacitance, the skutterudite CoSb₃ alloy is a promising supercapacitor electrode material. However, the lack of oxidative active sites and intrinsic poor electrical conductivity greatly hinder its application prospects. Here, we constructed a CoSb₃ alloy compound co-doped with Sn and Te (Co₄Sb_11.2Sn_0.02Te_0.78) by a melting and annealing method. As the electrode material of the supercapacitor, Co₄Sb_11.2Sn_0.02Te_0.78 cathode shows an ultrahigh specific capacity of 1357 mAh g^-1 (at 1 A g^-1). Even when the current density is increased to 20 A g^-1, 42% of the initial capacity is maintained. The advantageous performance of the supercapacitor cathode based on Co₄Sb_11.2Sn_0.02Te_0.78 is attributed to the more redox active sites and the improved electrical conductivity. Furthermore, this work provides a promising strategy for developing high-performance next-generation supercapacitor electrode materials.

Abstract: In modern electrochemical coating technology, it is common practice to create uniform layers. However, this study focuses on the deposition of non-uniform layers achieved through a deliberate arrangement of micro structured electrodes on the anode side. The "dog bone effect” was employed as the primary approach [1]. When electroplating on an otherwise uniform surface, this effect selectively processes an area influenced by the geometric edge effect (figure 1 left). The coating within this area is intended to be (i) unevenly distributed and (ii) non-reproducible. Process data was obtained through electrochemical simulations and subsequently applied to a specially designed micro-galvanic setup. This enabled the production of suitable micro structured anodes, validation of coating parameters, and the deposition of visually imperceptible structured areas with inhomogeneous properties using "adhesive gold" on appropriate substrates such as silver and nickel. The layers and their local topography were characterized and analyzed using confocal laser microscopy, X-Ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), as well as a self-designed and constructed laser interference device. As a result, this specific galvanic process technology successfully produced metallic layers that (i) cannot be visually confirmed by the naked eye, (ii) exhibit varied microstructural anode geometries, (iii) display unique differences in layer thickness, (iv) possess non-reproducible and chaotic topographies, and (v) can be detected and identified using conventional analysis techniques or a simple interference setup.

Abstract: Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ (NMC 333) become a promising cathode material and attracted much attention to replace the LiCoO₂. The structure, particle size, and morphology are some of the factors that influence the performance of the NMC 333 materials were study in this work. The synthesis method of doped NMC 333 materials was done via combustion method and citric acid was used as a fuel. The final products of LiNi_0.3Mn_0.3Co_0.3Al_0.1O₂ and LiNi_0.3Mn_0.3Co_0.3Al_0.05Ti_0.05O₂ were denoted as 333A and 333AT, respectively. Based on the XRD results, all materials showed a pure, single phase and isostructural with hexagonal α-NaFeO₂. 333AT material show good cation ordering with RIR value of 1.25. It also shows the higher (003) peak intensity and smaller full widths at half maximum (FWHM) indicate this material has higher structural crystallinity and smaller crystallite size than 333A. Meanwhile, FESEM results revealed that all materials have morphology of polyhedral like shape and well-crystallized particles with smooth surfaces. Both materials clearly made up of micro-sized particles with the range particle size from 103 nm to 975 nm. 333A material display slightly larger crystallite size compared to the 333AT material. As a conclusion, doping technique will effect the structural and the morphology of materials.

Abstract: The experimental results of obtaining complex-alloyed intermetallic alloys by the method of liquid-phase self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) and their subsequent use for the formation of wear-resistant coatings by the method of electrospark deposition (ESD) are submitted. Metal oxides Cr2O3, NiO, CoO and mineral concentrate containing a larger part of ZrO2 in its composition were used as a melt charge for the SHS experiments. Alloys based on Ni-Al system dopped with Cr, Zr, Co, and C were obtained. It was established that extra addition of C led to the refinement of the alloys microstructure (3-5 times). ESD coatings were formed on steel 45 using the obtained alloys as anode material. The coatings formed by using the alloys doped by Co, Zr, Cr and extra addition of C (0.4 wt%) proved to be maximum wear resistant.