Papers by Keyword: Ceramic Tile

Abstract: In the south of Ceará (Brazil), Cariri region, there is a production center for roof tiles and bricks. At that same region, there has been an expressive mining of laminated limestone, known as Pedra Cariri (Cariri Stone), which has produced large amounts of CaCO₃-rich waste, that causes undesirable impacts to the environment. This work aimed to analyze the feasibility of producing rustic ceramic tiles, made up of clayey masses used in the region with the addition of this waste, aiming at the diversification of red ceramic products in a sustainable way. The mixtures were pressed, fired in maximum firing temperature which varies from 750° to 1150oC and had their physical-mechanical characteristics tested. The results indicated that the clayey mass is composed of kaolinite, feldspar and quartz, while montmorillonite and/or vermiculite is only found in roof tile clayey mass. The waste is mainly made of calcite. In general, the values of water absorption were compatible with porous rustic ceramic tile and the addition of Pedra Cariri waste provided lower values of firing shrinkage as well as the increase of the flexural strength. The samples of roof tile clayey mass (10% of waste at 850°C and at 1150°C) obtained physical-mechanical property values that match Brazilian technical norms to BIII type ceramic tile. Therefore, the mixture formulated with tile clayey mass and limestone waste presents potential to be utilized in the manufacture of ceramic roof tiles.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different firing temperature on thermal conductivity of ceramic tiles. The body formulation powders of ceramic tiles were made according to the formulation given by company and compacted at 18 MPa using pressing machine in order to obtain button shape specimen with 50 mm diameter. The button shape specimen was fired at different firing temperature which 1150°C, 1175°C, 1200°C and 1225°C. Then, the thermal conductivity of fired specimens was measured by using Hot-Disk Thermal Constant Analyzer. Thermal conductivity result shows that the ceramic tile body fired at 1150 °C producing the lowest thermal conductivity values (0.97 W/mK) in comparison with other specimens. This low thermal conductivity performance is due to the high porosity value in the specimen as a result of more trapped air and implies delaying the heat transfer either inward or outward from the ceramic tiles. Therefore, this study proved that by altering firing temperature, different thermal conductivity values of ceramic tiles were obtained.

Abstract: In order to address increasingly serious global environmental problems and intensified international trade barriers as well as the promotion of production processes by enterprises for the improvement of environmental impacts, Type III environmental declaration has emerged in response to the proper time and condition and gradually developed into an important mean to solve environmental problems. This study, based on the principles and requirements stated in ISO 14025, takes ceramic tile products as the example to discuss about the formulation of technical specifications for life cycle assessment of the ceramic tile, in order to provide methodological basis and technical support for the formulation of technical specifications for the life cycle assessment of other domestic products as well as for the assessment of Type III environmental declaration. Acknowledgement Sources of project funds: 13th Five-year National Key R&D Plan “Study on Key Technologies for Certification of Green Products Used in Home Furnishing Field” (No. 2017YFF0211504)

Abstract: The article provides an overview of the argillites raw material of Russia. It describes chemical and mineralogical characteristics of argillites and their main properties. It indicates that argillites chemistry has some peculiarities like high content of A₂O₃ – from 17 to 23 %, К₂О – from 2,5 to 4,3 % and iron oxides from 4 to 7 %. Mineralogy of argillites includes two types of hydra micas: an isometric one being allothigenous constituent and a bladed one being the transformation product of montmorillonite underwent catageneses. Also argillites always contain kaolinite, chlorite, glauconite, quartz, plagioclase. The article contains the main requirements for paving clinker and ceramic tile and major trends of their production. Information about dependence of the effect of argillites reduction ratio and firing temperature on strength, absorption capacity and density of the samples is provided. Influence of their interconnected nature on the properties of the product is described. It is specified that due to finer argillites reduction in the size range of 0-0.16 – 0-1.25 mm, the samples strength increases 1.5-2.5 times. Higher firing temperature in the range from 900 to 1100 °C allows increasing strength 2-4 times. In given intervals of reduction ratio and firing temperature the index of water absorption capacity of less than 5 % needed for ceramic tile is achieved by size reduction of 0 – 0.315 mm and firing temperature of 1000 °C and higher. The water absorption capacity of less than 2.5 % needed for paving clinker is achieved by size reduction of 0 - 0.315 mm and firing temperature of 1050 °C and higher. Rationale for production perspectiveness of paving clinker and ceramic tile of low-temperature sintering based on argillites is provided.

Abstract: The feasibility of developing glass-ceramic glaze in the system KNaO-CaO-MgO-ZnO with a variation in the composition of SiO₂, TiO₂, and B₂O₃ was studied. The SiO₂, TiO₂, and B₂O₃ were varied in the amount of 2.25-1.50, 0.001-0.10, and 0-0.1 molar equivalents respectively. The samples were one fired at 1180°C or double fired by reheat at the crystallization temperature for 10 minutes. The gloss, sintering behavior, phase, microstucture, and hardness, and were examined by glossmeter, side-view hot stage microscope, X-ray diffraction, SEM, and Vickers hardness respectively. The results showed the importance effect of SiO₂, TiO₂, and B₂O₃ on the glaze crystallization ability and its properties. At the fix value of Al₂O₃ at 0.24 molar equivalents and with the 0.001-0.10 molar equivalents of TiO₂, lower the SiO₂ content to 1.50 molar equivalents increased the glaze crystallization potential. An increase in the B₂O₃ to 0.1 molar equivalents suppressed the potential of glaze crystallization. The phases of samples were amorphous or composed of silicon dioxide and diopside as the main phases depending on the glaze composition and the firing history. In this study, the glaze appearances transparent to opaque and varied from gloss to matte with the specular gloss values between 23-100 GU. All samples appeared to have high Vickers hardness value in the range of 553-644. The crystallization decreased the gloss but increased the hardness value for the 2.25 molar equivalents SiO₂ glaze. Finally, a composition with high hardness and high gloss was identified and its properties was also presented. These results suggested the limitation and the potential for applying this glass-ceramic glaze system to industry applications.

Abstract: Significant quantity of solid wastes, especially electric arc furnace (EAF) slag is generated by the growing Malaysia’s steel industries. Recycling them offer a more sustainable solution and also added value to the solid wastes. Therefore, in this project, an attempt was made to recycle the EAF slag waste as one of raw materials in ceramic tile. In our preliminary study of assessing the suitability of the slag in ceramic tile, it was found that at fixed firing temperature of 1150°C, increasing of EAF slag added (wt.%) would deteriorate the properties of tile produced. Meanwhile, introduce an additional silica and feldspar led to better properties of the tile. Optimum composition of the ceramic tile was found to be 40 wt.% EAF slag – 30 wt.% – 20 wt.% silica – 10 wt.% feldspar. Hence, this study aims to further improve the properties of the tile by varying EAF slag’s milling time (15 minutes and 30 minutes) and firing temperature (1075°C, 1100°C, 1125°C and 1150°C). Results obtained show that as milling time was increased from 15 minutes to 30 minutes, average particle size, X₅₀ of the slag was reduced from 53 µm to 3 µm. When the particles size of EAF slag added was smaller, the tile had a higher modulus of rupture (MOR), higher bulk density, lower apparent porosity and water absorption. The improved MOR was due to increase in total anorthite and wollastonite crystalline phases (wt.%) in the tile. The MOR was the highest at firing temperature of 1100°C for 3µm EAF slag particle whereas for larger particle size (53µm), the MOR was highest at 1150°C. This suggests possible improvement in reduction of firing temperature when smaller particles are used.

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is focused in the use of waste generated by the TiO₂ pigment industry, ilmenite mud (MUD), on the production of ceramic bodies. These ceramic bodies were produced from mixtures of a commercial red stoneware mixture (RSM) with different concentrations of mud (3, 5, 7, 10, 30 and 50 wt%). The samples were sintered to simulate a fast-firing process. The sintering behaviour of the fired samples was evaluated according to ISO rules by linear shrinkage, water absorption and porosity measurements. Both green powder and fired samples were characterised by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC/TG), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and bending strength measurements. Moreover, the activity concentrations of radionuclides were measured by high-resolution low-background gamma spectrometry, because this mud is a NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) waste. Finally, the TCLP leaching test (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, USEPA) was performed to assess the risks of use tiles from an environmental perspective. The results demonstrated that MUD can be successfully valorisated in the manufacture of red stoneware ceramic bodies with similar, or even better technological properties than commercial materials used currently.

Abstract: The paper took 2080 tons automatic hydraulic tile press as the research object, completed the finite element static analysis of its beam and base. Established their three-dimensional models with CAD software Pro/ENGINEER, and then analyzed the stress and transfiguration with CAE software ANSYS. Studied the distribution of the stress and strain, and found their maximum and location. The result can provide some good reference for design and optimization.

Abstract: In ceramic tiles industry, the process of ceramics classification plays an important part. At present, the process of classification is carried out manually by using the human eyes observation. However, the capability of the human eyes is very limited. This condition leads to the low accuracy of the ceramic tile selection. This paper proposes a mechanism which could classify the ceramic tiles automatically using local texture feature. The result of our experiment shows a recognition rate of 76%, which means that this method can be used to classify the ceramic tiles.

Abstract: For as long as there have been metal, steel and other materials, there have been methods and ways to inspect them. The efforts to improve these methods continue to be a work in progress. Non-destructive techniques are rapidly used to control materials’ properties during the manufacturing and using. In this study resonant inspection (RI) technique to characterize ceramic tiles was used as a nondestructive testing method (NDT). Three variables affect the resonant response of a part: mass, stiffness and damping. When production is stable and controlled, these three characteristics are consistent and predictable. Anything that creates a change in the mass, stiffness or damping of the product, including general tolerances within acceptable good parts, will change the resonance response. The resonant inspection (RI) measures the structural response of a part and evaluates it against the statistical variation from a control set of good parts to screen defects was used to determine processing differences between ceramic tiles. Ceramic tiles with different pressing pressures and sintering temperatures were prepared. Due to the processing differences, water absorption (%), apparent porosity (%) and mechanical properties of these tiles changed and the inspected properties measured conventional techniques. By measuring the resonances of ceramic tiles, the structural characteristics of these tiles were determined in a single test. The resonant inspection technique’s results compared with the results of water absorption (%), apparent porosity (%) measurements and mechanical tests. The technique based on resonant acoustic method was shown to be applicable for characterization of ceramic tiles’ processing parameters in an automated and objective fashion.