Papers by Keyword: Chemical

Abstract: The study examined the properties of bleached Schoutenia ovata Korth Fiber (SF) for prospective application in composite reinforcement. .The characterization of SF was done using FTIR and SEM-EDS techniques to examine the morphology of SF following treatment with NaOH and various concentrations of NaClO. The treatment improved the interaction between the fiber and the composite matrix. As a result, fibers require bleaching before they may be processed further.

Abstract: The influence of fiber length and treated chemically on wear properties by using jute fibers reinforcing in polymer-matrix composites (PMC) has been considered. From the results, it was found that The wear rate decreasing with increasing load from (78.6 -70.35)%, (65.6-59.16)% and (72.9-67.7)% for (5,10,15) KN load respectively that decreasing due to disintegrating the sample's surface under increasing loads. also, The wear rate decreases with increasing load from (78.6 -70.35) gm/mm (65.6-59.16)gm/mm and (72.9-67.7) gm/mm for (5,10,15) KN load respectively that decreasing due to disintegrating the sample's surface under increasing loads. also,The rate of wear decreases with an increase in the length of the fibers by (65%), due to the effect of fiber length that causes difficulty in separating between fibers from the polymeric material, which means that the material is resistant to collapse and also in the presence of a chemical in the processing, which causes a strong bond and good adhesion between the reinforcing material and the material The basis resulting from pitting caused by chemical treatment.

Abstract: Chemical and marine components are faced with corrosion resulting from salty media in an application, which ends up in serious catastrophe. In an attempt to provide and curtail this challenge of toxic use of inorganic inhibitors, properties of Artemether/Lumefantrine was examined as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.625M sodium chloride (NaCl) medium. The corrosion propagation under different inhibitor concentrations between 0-20 ml and the temperature difference of 298-323K was examined using linear potentiodynamic polarisation and open circuit potential. The structural pitting evolution was done using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. From the data, the activation energy of the corrosion reaction increased with increasing inhibitor concentration, suggesting that it inhibits corrosion by increasing the energy required to initiate the corrosion reaction. The Gibbs free energies of adsorption fall within the range of-10.08 and-13.87 kJ/mol, which is greater than-20 kJ/mol; thus, the artemether-lumefantrine inhibitor exhibited physical type adsorption. The values of the free energy of adsorption were all negative. The Langmuir Isotherm seems to perform exceptionally well with a correlation efficiency of 0.975 against all other isotherm fits.

Abstract: The article suggests the usage of ash from sunflower husk combustion, which is constantly considered to be production waste, as a treating agent for electroplating industry wastewater purification. The chemical and mineral composition of ash waste has been researched by means of X-ray diffraction method with an X-ray fluorescent spectrometer. The structure of waste has been studied with a high-resolution scanning electron microscope. The ash contains calcium, magnesium and potassium oxides, so this waste can be used as a chemical treating agent in purifying water from heavy metals. The acid leaching of ash has been performed to determine the degree of its components transition. The trial purification of real electroplating wastes with the ash has been carried out. The purification efficiency for nickel and copper amounts to 62.0 and 48.0 % at the ash consumption 3.0 g/dm³.

Abstract: The world’s energy requirement has been dominated by petroleum oil resources for years in many applications, especially in the area of electricity generation and utilization. Mineral oil application in power system equipment can be potentially hazardous to the environment, especially when there are incidents of transformer explosion, which caused spillages of oil to the soils or water streams and thereby pollute the surrounding environments. This paper is aimed at finding a substitute for the use of mineral oil as transformer oil. Experiments on breakdown voltages, flash points, pour points, viscosities, densities and insulation resistances on conventional mineral oil and some selected vegetable oils were conducted, analyzed and compared to the internationally accepted standards, ASTM (America Standard Test of Material). Rubber seed oil, Palm oil, Mellon oil, Ground oil and Palm kernel oil were found to have good electrical, chemical and thermal properties which the transformer oil has.

Abstract: Due to rapid growth in population and industrialization, worldwide ethanol demand is increasing continuously. The abundant sources of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) from agricultural wastes are attractive feed stocks to become a sustainable source for bioethanol production. There are many crucial engineering steps involved in the bioethanol production route especially on the pretreatment which comprises of chemical, mechanical and biological approaches. In this study we reviewed the various pretreatment involved in biofuel production. By considering the all steps required which may incur costs then influence the price of bioethanol an effective pretreatment technology is required for minimizing the cost and concurrently minimizing other problem especially environmental pollution caused by the pretreatment process. Therefore, a compact step combining all or some of the steps and with additional application of green technology with ionic liquid (IL) will be beneficial to the future direct production of liquefied biofuel with chemical-mechanical-biological based techniques starting from the pretreatment study which therefore lessen cost incurred and process time.

Abstract: Rivers play a major role for communities especially in fisheries and as a source of water for people residing within the vicinity. Water quality is of utmost importance and it covers a wide range of approaches and conflicts. Water is super abundant on the planet, as whole, but fresh potable water is not always available at the right time or the right place for human or ecosystem use [3]. Water quality refers to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. Sembrong dam reservoir was built by damming a river. When a reservoir is built along a river’s flow, the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the river are disrupted to some degree [2]. Since Sembrong dam reservoir is constructed on large lowland rivers with gradually sloping banks, it can be characterized by inundation of large areas, extreme horizontal variability with extensive shallows riparian vegetation and shallow reservoir. Such reservoir is usually eutrophic and high natural organic load are likely to contribute to the formation of an anoxic hypolimnion [9]. Shallow reservoir is usually well mixed by wind, and this leads to non-stratified condition [7]. Therefore, Sembrong dam reservoir can be categorized as shallow unstratified reservoir.

Abstract: Inappropriate production, storage and use of chemical could cause chemical incident. Chemical registration will contribute to the safe management of chemical. Represented by U.S. TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) regulations and the European REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals), the awareness of building chemical registrations or chemical database is raising. By carrying out extensive research and comparing the chemical registration regulation status of eight selected countries/regions, the study is to compare the current management status of chemical registration in different developed and developing countries, which may provide information and overview for preventing, controlling and reducing chemical incident, improving safe management of chemical, and supporting the development of chemical registration database.

Abstract: This paper presents analysis of chemical and thermal processing (CTP) methods to support multi-component gas atmosphere processes and their mathematical models as objects in the automated process control system (APCS). CTP mathematical models, algorithms, interaction structures and concepts of APCS components based on a specialized electronic controller have been proposed and implemented. The system provides a time control of all the necessary gas atmosphere parameters – its composition, temperature, pressure, with the possibility of using saturating medium of up to four components. Implementation of the system will improve the service properties of processed products, reduce the rate of spoilage and the psychophysical stress of the production staff, as well as reduce the overall CTP time.

Abstract: Batch production in chemical flow shop is conducted with batch as processing unit. It is characterized by multi-stage production flow, intermediate inventory limit as well as product switching time. This paper presents heuristic difference evolution algorithm which adopts 2-D codes to represent batch size constraint. The experimental results show that the model and algorithm put forward in this paper has good performance.