Papers by Keyword: Clay

Abstract: This paper presents the compression and consolidation behaviors of clay supported by soil-cement column. A series of consolidation tests was performed on kaolin samples supported by soil-cement column with the ratio between diameters of column and soil sample () ranging from 0 to 0.4. All samples with soil-cement column were cured for 28 days under the vertical pressure of 25 kPa. The sample preparation techniques simulating dry deep soil mixing method was developed. The test results showed the elastic region expanded with increasing value of . However, there was no effect of on deformation behavior in the elasto-plastic region. Moreover, the value of was considered constant over the range of testing stress level, for the value of of 0 and 0.2. For the value of of 0.3 and 0.4, the values of in the elastic region was greater than that in elasto-plastic region.

Abstract: This study focuses on investigating the impacts of kerosene on the physical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics of clay soil. The soils specimens are contaminated artificially with six ratios of kerosene (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50) % calculated according to the dry weight of soil. The artificial contamination includes air drying of the disturbed soil, then placed in plastic containers and mixed with the field water content and the specified concentration of kerosene to ensure getting homogenous contaminated soil specimens. The contaminated soil specimens left for 30 days in plastic containers covered by nylon sheets to control the water content and prevent volatility of contaminant. The results of tests proved that different ratios of kerosene have different impacts on the engineering and chemical characteristics of soil specimens. The specific gravity, percentages of fine particles, optimum water content, the initial and final void ratio, coefficient of consolidation, swelling index, permeability, the undrained shear strength, effective shear strength parameters, and the rate of reduction of initial pore water pressure are reduced significantly with increasing the content of kerosene in soil. Generally, the concentration of kerosene less than 10% has slight impacts on the studied characteristics of soil specimens.

Abstract: This work focuses on the new alternatives and technological solutions of clay architecture design for contemporary individual houses in the Sahara Desert. Clay considered as a natural and eco-friendly building material, moreover is now back in the new project because of his ecological and aesthetic benefits that attract the attention of increasing numbers of architects. Current researches efforts focused on increasing its resistance in order to make it competitive and contemporary material. The main aim of this study is to share and disseminate technological and technical solutions besides the new possible alternatives to the architectural design of contemporary individual houses by using clay material. The research methodology went through different phases that range from analyzing the historical experience of clay construction in the Sahara Desert and investigation of the new ecological and technological alternatives. The clay is a lower-impact building material in terms of energy performance, recycle, resources consumption, low-cost, sustainability, and all these factors make the clay material as favourable and excellent natural and contemporary material. The use of clay material with new techniques and machines technologies is an environmental and economic alternative for contemporary individual houses in the Sahara Desert.

Abstract: Silt and clay with low liquid limits do not qualify as fill materials for high-speed railway (HSR) according to Chinese standard {TB, 10001 (2016)}. The present paper proposes using these materials as fillings for HSR embankments in an attempt to reduce the costs of exploiting and transporting qualifying fill materials. Our proposal of using silt and clay with low liquid limits is rooted in German standards {DIN,18196 (2006)} and {Ril, 836(1999)} and Japanese standards {ISBN 13: 9784621046692 (1999)}, and is preliminarily verified by operation experiences of the Zhengzhou–Xi'an HSR as well as other types of projects. On the basis of proven practices, a design cross-section for an HSR embankment constructed in from silt and clay with low liquid limits area is recommended combined with corresponding engineering measures.

Abstract: Humic substances are the main component of soil organic matter and they actively interact with substances in soils, including pollutants. Humic acid-clay mineral composite materials can be considered as prospective and low-cost sorbents for contaminant removal. The aim of this study is to develop clay mineral and humic acid composite materials and to characterise their possible applications. For this research, montmorillonite, kaolinite and bentonite were saturated with three types of humic substances: technical humic acid from lignite, humic substances extracted from raised bog peat (Latvia) and technical K humate from lignite. Obtained sorbents were characterized using FTIR. The sorption was characterised according to the chosen clay mineral and humic acid type and concentration. Comparing the influence of clay minerals and humic substances on humic matter sorption, it has been found that the sorbed amount of humic substances depend on chosen humic substances and/or clay mineral. Obtained sorbents were used for sorption of chlorpromazine. Results indicate that the most perspective sorbents for chlorpromazine removal are bentonite and bentonite modified with humic acid. However, montmorillonite-humic composites also can be used for removal of chlorpromazine from water.

Abstract: In this study, raw wood (RW) samples were impregnated with a mixture of furfural alcohol (FA), styrene (ST), and nanoclay of varying concentration of FA and ST. These impregnated wood and RWsamples were then subjected to FTIR, water uptake (WU), and thermal studies. The FT-IR results at 1600-1800 cm^-1 showed that the ST/FA/clay-WPNCs had different peak numbers with different positions compared with the RW. So, there was an interaction between RW, FA, ST and clay. The WU of ST/FA/clayimpregnated wood is lower than RW. In thermo gravematric result, below 100 °C the impregnated wood samples had less weight lost compared to RW.

Abstract: The study has been done in membrane production from the ratio of clay, zeolite and activated carbon. The goal of this study is to make membrane from clay, zeolite and activated carbon with micro particle size using Planetary Ball Milling Fritsch Pulverisette. The comparison of clay, zeolite and activated carbon is 80% : 10% : 10%, 70% : 20% : 10%, 60% : 30% : 10%, 50% : 40% : 10% with temperature combustion 600 °C, 700 °C dan 800 °C. Activated zeolite done with using HCl 2 M and then heated at 150 °C for 3 hours. Size particle from zeolite is 140 mesh with using Planetary Ball Milling Fritsch Pulverisette to reduce size of zeolite become 140 mesh with a rotation speed of 350 rpm for 6 hours. The result of this study shows that the highest flukes membrane found in clay, zeolit and activated membrane at 50%: 40%: 10% with temperature combustion at 800 °C around 4,859 L/jam.m². The compressive strength on clay: zeolite: activated carbon ( 80%: 10%: 10%) with temperature burning at 600 °C around 39,6977 kg/cm². Characterization testing using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on ceramic membranes with clay composition: zeolite: activated carbon = 50%: 40%: 10% at a combustion temperature of 600 °C obtained by membrane pore size of 2,699 μm. Adsorption with the optimum time obtained at 1 hour with a concentration of 0,2333 ppm. The highest effect of membrane composition on cation exchange capacity (CEC) is in the composition of 50%: 40%: 10% with a combustion temperature of 600 °C which is equal to 1.1 mgrek/g..

Abstract: The article deals with the manufacture of modern structural ceramic materials from clay and loam deposits of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The importance and relevance of the development of the production of building materials from local raw materials is emphasized, since this will certainly affect the effectiveness of the construction complex as a whole. The successful development of the construction complex is capable of not only stimulating growth in all sectors of the economy, but also contributes to solving the most pressing social problems. Today, Yakutia has huge reserves of mineral raw materials for the production of a wide range of building materials and products. Of practical interest are wall materials made from clay soils. Given the features of the region’s raw material base, this work focuses on additional processing of traditional material. Controlling the complex physicochemical and structural-mechanical transformations that occur during heat treatment, a methodology has been developed for creating a composite material that will allow competitive innovative materials with enhanced strength properties to be produced with a reinforcing element with a glassy phase matrix of mullite crystals. The fabricated samples have a wide range of physical and mechanical properties and allow using it as a high-quality structural building ceramics, as well as industrial floor technical tile.

Abstract: It has been presented the study results of the firing process of cellular ceramics from granulated foam glass. The chemical, mineral and granulometric compositions of the raw materials are given. It has been shown the characteristic of ceramic-technological properties of raw materials. The samples were burned from the granulated mixture in the temperature range of 850-1000 ° C. It has been established the change dependence in the physicomechanical properties of cellular ceramic samples on the temperature and firing duration. The results of the study of the macro-and microstructure of cellular ceramics are given. It has been revealed the effect of intensive formation of the pyroplastic phase and the connection between small pores at a temperature of more than 950 ° C. After the enlargement, the cells leave the three-phase ceramic system and it was the increase in the average density of cellular ceramics is 1.4-1.5 times. The influence of a solid glass-ceramic shell along the inner surface of the pores on the decrease in water absorption of cellular ceramics to 6.5-7% is established.

Abstract: One of the important soil materials for the evaluation of settlement due to consolidation of soil clay is the compression index (Cc). The assessment of its value through laboratory testing is usually time consuming and expensive. Hence to find the most appropriate model prediction, the paper is examined the compression index comparison with soil plasticity material (water content, liquid limit, plasticity index). The analysis is used by multiple regression analysis and some performance indicators such as Coefficient of Determination (R²), Index of Agreement (IA), Prediction Accuracy (PA), Normalized Absolute Error (NAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The result identified the proposed model by Skempton’s, Sidharan, Nagaraj’s and Hough’s are suitable for the compression index (Cc) equation model. Another essential point, the research is found error measurement for soil plasticity index properties. Thus, this prediction model is useful to develop a preliminary assessment of the settlement of structures and carry out suitable action for landslides in Teziutlan, Mexico.