Papers by Keyword: Coconut Oil

Abstract: In this study, an eco-friendly coconut oil-based polyol blend was synthesized for bio-based waterborne polyurethane (WBPU) and WBPU-silane composite coatings. It was demonstrated that an increase in silane content incorporated into the WBPU matrix significantly enhanced the corrosion protection of WBPU coatings. Results also show a fourfold increase in the adhesion strength of WBPU-silane composite coatings as compared to that of bare WBPU coatings. Further, the water contact angle revealed that hydrophobic properties increase as the silane content incorporated into the WBPU matrix increases. This work provides a novel route for enhanced corrosion protection utilizing a bio-based polyol blend.

Abstract: Ignition energy is an important key factor needed in modern life concept with regard to a high technology usage. Almost 90% of the world's energy needed is obtained from fossil fuels, where diesel fuel is one of them. Coconut oil is one of bio-diesel resources which is very potential to be developed and it has a potency to replace diesel fuel. It is, therefore research regarding the effect of diesel fuel and coconut oil mixture on engine torque and rate of fuel consumption at various RPM variations is needed to be done. The tested engine was done on a 1200 cc Isuzu Panther using a mixing ratio of diesel fuel (S) and coconut oil (MK), namely: (1). 100% S: 0% MK (pure diesel), (2). 95% S: 5% MK, (3). 90% S: 10% MK, and (4). 85% S: 15% MK. The research method was a quantitative testing method on a laboratory scale. Research finding shows that the engine torque at the 95: 5 and 100: 0 mixtures has almost the same value of almost all of engine rotations. At the 90: 10 and 85: 15 mixing ratio, the engine torque tends to be unstable significant. It can be concluded that the ideal and stable engine torques were found at the combustion of 100: 0 and 95: 5 fuel mixtures. The lowest fuel consumption rate occurred at the combustion of 100: 0 and 95: 5; while the highest fuel consumption were occurring on a mixture of 90:10 and 85:15.

Abstract: Lubrication is one of the important factors for a journal bearing to function well. Therefore, the use of bio-lubricants such as coconut oil and vegetable oil are highly recommended for their high level of biodegradability to reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Vegetable oil like coconut oil has a great lubricating quality including low friction coefficient and improved oxidation stability which is very suitable to be used as a lubricant. The performance assessment of journal bearings utilizing coconut oil as a bio-lubricant and varying angular velocity and eccentricity ratio will be the main emphasis of this study. The behavior of the journal bearing with coconut oil as the lubricant will be examined using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program, ANSYS Fluent. Using ANSYS Fluent, the pressure distribution of pure coconut oil is analytically studied. To evaluate the efficacy of each lubricant with a varied value of angular velocity utilized by the journal in journal bearings, average viscosity, viscosity index, and produced maximum pressure can be discovered under the lubrication of the journal bearing. Using the values of angular velocity with the same value of dynamic viscosity and density as properties for the coconut oil were used to run the simulation for the journal bearing. The result obtained from the simulation for eccentricity ratio of 0.2 with an angular velocity of 5000rpm is 205926.1 meanwhile the result for eccentricity ratio of 0.8 with same angular velocity value is 9661441. Each result signifies those different value of angular velocity with different value of eccentricity ratio that effects the bearing design itself occurs different result.

Abstract: Several efforts have been performed to make the biodiesel price more competitive with fossil fuels, such as using low price raw materials, including coconut oil and the use of heterogenous catalyst. In this research, the Calcined Scallop Shell was applied as a heterogeneous catalyst for synthesizing biodiesel from coconut oil. The catalyst was obtained from calcination of scallop shell waste. The catalytic activities of Calcined Scallop Shell catalyst during transesterification reaction was influenced by several reaction conditions including methanol to oil mole ratio, reaction temperature, and concentration of catalyst. The biodiesel yield of 91.7% was obtained at a methanol to coconut oil mass ratio of 12:1, 60 °C reaction temperature, and catalyst concentration of 10% wt. of oil.

Abstract: Typically, the emollient effect of the vegetable oil has attributed to its usefulness in skin care preparation. The present study aims to prepare the oil in water emulsion cream containing virgin coconut oil (CO) comprisinghydrophilic and lipophilic surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 80). Stability of creams containing CO upon addition of peppermint oil (PO), co-surfactant (Solutol HS 15, ST), solubilizer (benzyl benzoate, BB) was investigated after the temperature cycling. All prepared creams showed the shear thinning flow behavior. Addition of BB gave the lowest viscosity while that comprising ST exhibited the higher viscosity. The highest viscosity formula was the CO andPO containing cream. The particle size determined using light scattering particle analyzer revealed that the mean particle size of all prepared creamswaslower than 35.56 ± 0.62 µm. The homogenous dispersion of oil globules in emulsion was evident, especially, in formulation II (CO) and IV (COand ST). Although the temperature cycling influenced more or less on the compact structure of gel network of cream, the decrement of viscositywasminimal and not much different for cream containing CO and ST (formulation IV). In addition, the mean particle size wasthe smallest for formulation II (CO) which was followed by formulation IV (CO and ST). There wasthe homogenous dispersion of oil globules in formulation II and IV after temperature cycling. All of the above finding was beneficial for employingCO as the oil phase in producing cream such as the foot massage cream where the addition of ST provided the better stability for the prepared cream containing CO.

Abstract: Today, the need for human care and beauty is increasing. The use of personal care products, especially those from nature, has been given special attention by consumers. With diverse features and good effects on the human body, especially the skin, coconut oil is being cared for by many manufacturers. With the aim of diversifying personal care products from coconut oil, this research has initially achieved positive results. Soap saponified as raw soap is considered to have good cleaning effect (better than sodium lauryl sulfate solution (SLS) when diluted to the same concentration). The combination of 10% crude soap and 4% sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) surfactants formulate cleansing products with effective cleansing properties. Ingredients auxiliary cleaners, moisturizing, and softening, antioxidants are added with the appropriate content to improve the disadvantages of raw soap. The personal care products that have been studied have the potential to enter the cosmetic market and attract many consumers.

Abstract: Used cooking oil is potential as raw material to produce biodiesel. We discovered fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) and methyl esters (FAMEs) as biodiesel content indicator from esterification and trans-esterification reactions of used cooking oil with sulphuric acid and toluene sulphuric acid as catalysts. The purpose of this study was to examine some characteristics of FAEE and FAME synthesis from used cooking oil. The FAEEs and FAMEs were detected by separation in thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and compared to laurate standar. The used cooking oil was produced after frying of meat chicken for seven hours in a household. The Retardation Factor (R_f) of TLC of FAME of methyl laurate was 0.36 and FAEE of ethyl laurate was 0.23. The wavenumber indicating specific functional group of =CH was 3392 cm^-1, while of alcohol as ester compound was 1739.79 cm^-1. The wavenumber of C-C and CO groups were 1635.64 cm^-1 and 1165 cm^-1, respectively. These indicate the ester group in used cooking oil, which reflects the formation of bio-diesel.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of oleic acid as an additive in palm and coconut oils on tribological properties. Palm and coconut oils are vegetable oils that are consisted of free fatty acid, which one of the materials used as a source of environmental lubricant. Fatty acids in vegetable oil consist of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Palm and coconut oils are rich in palmitic acid, which is categorized as saturated fatty acids. Whereas oleic acid is unsaturated fatty acids, and it has good lubricity as a lubricant. The effect of variation of oleic acid (10wt%, 20wt%, and 30wt%) in palm and coconut oils was investigated on tribological properties. The tribological properties were investigated by using a pin on disc apparatus and a ball bearing test rig. The results show that the effect of 10%wt oleic acids in coconut oil significantly increased its tribological properties with Δ scar width around 96 μm and 154 μm for the inner race and outer race, respectively.

Abstract: In the present study, the CaO/Natural Dolomite as a heterogeneous catalyst was applied to synthesize biodiesel from coconut oil. The physico-characteristics of CaO/Natural Dolomite catalyst were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence, and porosity analysis (specific surface area, average pore size diameter and total pore volume). The performance of CaO/Natural Dolomite catalyst was examined in a batch reactor for transesterification reaction of coconut oil with methanol. From the experiments, the optimum process conditions were achieved at a 60°C of reaction temperature, a 5 wt.% of catalyst amount, and 6 : 1 of methanol to coconut oil mass ratio. The CaO/Natural Dolomite catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity and reliable to be applied in biodiesel synthesis as a heterogeneous base catalyst.

Abstract: The current research studied about the utilization of modified coal fly ash (CFA) as catalyst for biodiesel production from coconut oil. Coal Fly ash (CFA) is a solid waste that is abundantly available in the coal-based power plant. Coal Fly Ash is a type of material that has high content of oxide minerals, e.g. silicates and silicate alumina. With proper physical/chemical treatment, the coal fly ash can be converted into a heterogeneous catalyst. In this work, the coal fly ash was modified with HCl and Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O and used as catalyst for biodiesel production from coconut oil. This paper will focus only on the characteristics of the prepared modified CFA-based catalyst. The modified CFA-based catalyst was characterized for its crystallinity using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), determined its surface area and pore size distribution using Surface Area Analyzer, and its functional groups by Fourier Transform – Infra Red (FT-IR). The specific surface area of the catalyst (modified CFA) decreased from 28.08 m²/g to 17.54 m²/g after impregnation process of calcium oxide in the raw coal fly ash. This decrease was also accompanied by a decrease in the average pore network from 32.59 Å to 20.31 Å. Additionally, based on the XRD pattern shown, the raw CFA is composed of mostly quartz (SiO₂) and mullite (3Al₂O₃.2SiO₂) minerals, and a small portion of hematite.