Papers by Keyword: Compatibility

Abstract: Maintaining the optimal properties of drilling fluids such as rheology, fluid loss, and mud cake thickness is crucial for wellbore stability, shale inhibition, and efficient drilling operations. However, the addition of shale swelling inhibitors can alter these properties either positively or negatively, necessitating a thorough investigation of their compatibility and effectiveness. In this study, polyethyleneimine (PEI) and potassium citrate (PC) were used as a shale swelling inhibitor, and their effect on water-based muds’ (WBM) compatibility and rheological properties were investigated and compared to the commercial inhibitor, potassium chloride (KCl). Compatibility tests were conducted to visually examine the water-based drilling fluid after the addition of the shale swelling inhibitors for over 24 hours. Mud density and pH were measured using a mud balance and a pH meter. The rheological properties were then determined using a rotational viscometer by taking readings at 600 rpm and 300 rpm. These are done to observe the flow behavior of the fluids and their abilities to maintain wellbore stability. Further, the fluid loss and mud cake thickness properties of the WBM formulations were determined using a dynamic fluid loss apparatus (HPHT API RP 13B-1) at a pressure of 1000 psi and 90°C. Based on this study, the PEI, PC, and KCl inhibitors were found to be compatible with the drilling fluid as their interactions affected the optical properties but not the physical state. Also, the rheological properties of the WBM were not highly compromised upon the addition of 1 v/v % KCl as a shale inhibitor. However, it was highly compromised upon the addition of 1 v/v % PEI and PC. It was found that cationic PEI interfered with the interactions and structures developed by the anionic components in the drilling fluid. This led to a 16% reduction in viscosity, a 21% reduction in yield point, and a 46% reduction in gel strength. The effects were also most adverse on the fluid loss characteristics of the fluids. In contrast, the use of 1 v/v % PC improved structural integrity and interactions and thus increased the viscosity and the yield point by 16 % and 68 %, respectively. The optimal balance was achieved with the formulation of 0.6 v/v % PEI: 0.4 v/v % PC, which effectively maintained and enhanced the desirable rheological properties of the WBM while maintaining favorable fluid loss control and mud cake formation. The PEI and PC interactions appear to have had a synergistic effect on the overall performance of the WBM.

Abstract: DARE2C (Durable Aluminium Reinforced Environmentally-friendly Concrete Construction) project is to develop a more environmental-friendly concrete and use aluminium (Al) as reinforcement material, instead of steel. The new concrete uses supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), which provides a low alkaline environment suitable for aluminium reinforcement. Unlike steel, aluminium has a better stability in medium pH environment, which can largely improve the durability of the new Al-reinforced concrete (RC). Cover thickness can be reduced since aluminium withstands environment and carbonation does not pose a threat. The usage of lighter aluminium as reinforcement would help greatly reduce the total weight of the Al-RC structure. The objective of this work is to investigate the compatibility of different aluminium alloys in the new DARE2C concrete by gas chromatography measurement during the cement hydration. Together with the pull-out test results, the best aluminium candidate will be determined.DARE2C (Durable Aluminium Reinforced Environmentally-friendly Concrete Construction) project is to develop a more environmental-friendly concrete and use aluminium (Al) as reinforcement material, instead of steel. The new concrete uses supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), which provides a low alkaline environment suitable for aluminium reinforcement. Unlike steel, aluminium has a better stability in medium pH environment, which can largely improve the durability of the new Al-reinforced concrete (RC). Cover thickness can be reduced since aluminium withstands environment and carbonation does not pose a threat. The usage of lighter aluminium as reinforcement would help greatly reduce the total weight of the Al-RC structure. The objective of this work is to investigate the compatibility of different aluminium alloys in the new DARE2C concrete by gas chromatography measurement during the cement hydration. Together with the pull-out test results, the best aluminium candidate will be determined.

Abstract: Advance nanoscale patterning technology requires high resolution lithography, from ultraviolet (UV, i-line system) to deep ultraviolet (DUV, KrF system) until extreme ultraviolet (EUV), but the compatibility study of new resist types and wet etchant is lacking. The compatibility is defined as the duration of a photoresist being able to withstand in wet oxide etchant. Poor compatibility has potential resist lifting and/or penetration during wet etch process, which causes electronic device performance drifting. Currently, wet oxide etching is widely used in the gate oxide wet etch using patterned resist, as well as in the backside oxide removal with blanket resist front-side coverage. In this paper, we explore the compatibility and understand the impact factors, based on commonly used resist (i.e., KrF and i-line system resist) and wet etch chemicals (i.e. HF based etchant) in industry. It is important to do a quick and straightforward compatibility check before we implement new resists on actual product wafers, to prevent poor compatibility caused resist lifting and/or penetration during wet etch process. Based on oxide thickness check and resist lifting phenomena, it is found that resist baking condition, resist polymer type, resist composition, and lag time from resist coating to wet oxide etching all will affect the compatibility between HF based etchant and resist.

Abstract: Natural fibers are increasingly used in the polymer industry as bio-composites for a wide range of applications, such as the interior part of the automobile, interior material boards, decking panels, and many others. The presence of cellulose, which is hydrophilic in nature, lessens the mechanical properties of the bio-composites by increasing water uptake into the composites or also may affect the interfacial bonding between the polymer matrix and the fibers because the matrix is hydrophobic. The former may occur due to the surface of the bio-composites being highly exposed to water sources, e.g., high humidity in the air, rainwater, and many more. Thus, an additional layer on the surface of the bio-composites needs to be applied to protect the surface from water sources. The coating may be used for decorative, protective, or both purposes. This study aims to investigate the performance of polymer coating on a bio-composite substrate. The coating solution, chitosan-pectin-calcium chloride (CPC) solution was prepared, and the compatibility and wettability of the coating solution with the polymer-based bio-composites substrate were evaluated. The substrate was dipped into the coating solution for two minutes and hung to allow the excess coating solution to drop while drying the substrate. The performance of coating on the bio-composite substrate is evaluated by measuring the contact angle θ and average maximum bond strength σ_b of the sample with the different numbers of coating layers. It is found that the wettability of the contact angle indicates a lower contact angle for two-layer compared to one layer of the CPC coating due to the hydrophilicity of the coating materials.

Abstract: The compatibility of polymers based on the blending of methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and depolymerized polyethylene terephthalate (DPET) was studied in this investigation. Initially, the PET was obtained using the waste bottle before the depolymerization process to get the final product of DPET. Here, the preparation of the polymer blend used was carried out by mixing the two polymers manually. The affinity of the polymers to each other is conducted using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of FT-IR indicate that some bands were shifted, some of them were decreased, and the others were eliminated by the addition of DPET to PMMA. This behavior can be attributed to interaction and coordination between the PMMA and DPET. Based on DSC analysis, the melting temperatures of PMMA and DPET blends were reduced as compared to pure PMMA, with the exception of the 99/1 (PMMA/DPET) blend. PMMA's surface morphology reveals a rough surface with a micropore structure. The appearance of pure DPET in the SEM image shows a rough surface with diverse shaped and sized particles. Also, the 5/95 (DPET/PMMA) blend doesn't seem to have any visible phase separation. Keywords: Compatibility, polymer blend, PMMA, DPET

Abstract: C₃A content of cement is of great importance in connection with the fresh and early age mechanical properties of cementitious systems. In this study, the effects of different C₃A content on the static and dynamic yield stress and viscosity values of paste mixtures were examined. Consequently, the use of polycarboxylate ether-based water reducing admixture (PCE) up to a certain dosage affected adversely the rheological characteristics of the mixtures. The dispersion effect, which increased with the increment of the PCE dosage, increased the hydration rate of C₃A by increment its contact with water by dispersing it. Therefore, dynamic yield stress and viscosity were adversely affected by the increment in PCE dosage in high C₃A-containing mixtures, while rheological parameters improved after a certain dosage in low C₃A ones.

Abstract: Hemp concretes are the most widely used biobased concretes in France. However, their growth is still limited by the lack of knowledge and high variability of the performances of biobased concretes, especially for their mechanical properties. These results are related to interactions between the mineral binder and plant compounds that modify the hydration of the cement. In this work, the interactions between cement and eight types of hemp shiv, and a flax shiv are studied by isothermal calorimetry. The setting delays observed in the presence of plants are interpreted by analyzing the molecules extracted from these plants in water. A link can be observed between the setting delay and the coloration of the extract solutions or their concentration in reducing sugars and in polyphenols. These results constitute a basis in the objective to define an indicator enabling to predict the compatibility between plants and mineral binders.

Abstract: The use of bio-based composite as building materials is one of the innovative solutions for dealing with environmental disorders caused by the construction sector. Among these materials we find biocomposites based on vegetable aggregates, which have proven their effectiveness as insulating materials in numerous studies. Despite the growing interest in these materials and the recognition of their performance, their use remains hampered by the lack of implementation rules specific to these materials to move towards a control of their use and their durability affected by the climate and use conditions to which they will be exposed at the level of a building. The objective of this work is to study the compatibility of a protective coating with a block substrate of biocomposites based on cereal straw. It is in fact a mixture of vegetable aggregates (straw), a binder composed of lime and additives also obtained from a renewable source (Ismail et al., 2020). These additives (air-entraining agent, casein protein and a biopolymer) have been added to improve both the fibre-binder interface and the porosity of the binder. The use of these bio-based materials for external or internal thermal insulation of the building requires the application of a coating to protect them against climatic aggressions and to give them an aesthetic appearance. The lime-based coatings, air-entraining agent and casein protein selected for this study have been the subject of an experimental investigation (Brahim Ismail, 2020). In order to assess the compatibility of these coatings with the straw-based insulating material, we were interested in studying the adhesion between the biocomposite and the coating after aging cycles in accordance with the EN 1015-21 standard. The samples (biocomposite + coating) were subjected to two types of aging, one using water and the other using a saline solution of sodium sulphates (Na₂SO₄). The results of the bond tests after aging showed that the cohesive fracture (at the level of the substrate) is a pattern observed in all the studied systems. In Addition, It has been found that the coating to which a percentage of fine fibers has been added undergoes considerable degradation after aging with salt solution, demonstrating the need of an additional layer of outer coating without fibers in order to ensure the sustainability of the system.

Abstract: A styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer (SBS) was grafted with an unsaturated polar monomer (monomer A) composed of maleic anhydride (MAH) and methoxy polyethylene (MPEG) via a ring-opening reaction after epoxidizing styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer (ESBS). The microscopic changes of SBS before and after grafting has been characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results revealed that the monomer A was successfully grafted on SBS backbone, and the maximum graft ratio (GR) was 20.32%. To verify the compatibility between SBS and asphalt, solubility parameters and surface free energy (SFE) of SBS, grafted SBS and asphalt were measured. It was found that the solubility parameter and SFE of grafted SBS were closer to asphalt compared with SBS. It also has been confirmed from storage stability that the temperature susceptibility of grafted SBS modified asphalt was reduced in compare with SBS modified asphalt binder. As consequence, the use of grafted copolymer can be considered a suitable alternative for modification of asphalt binder in pavement.

Abstract: The sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) bactericide was synthesized using KNO₃, isothiazolinone, quaternary ammonium salt, and additives as main components, and the optimal ratio and critical concentration of the bactericide were determined. Weight loss method, potentiodynamic polarization curve, compatibility study were used to investigate the changes of corrosion rate and corrosion current density and compatibility after adding the bactericide. The results showed that the optimal formula ratio of the bactericide was: KNO₃: isothiazolinone: quaternary ammonium salt: additive is 20:1:2:3, and the critical concentration of the bactericide was 50 mg/L. The addition of bactericides reduced the corrosion rate of pipes by 67% to 88%, and the electrochemical corrosion current density of pipes was significantly reduced, indicating that the presence of bactericides under the given media conditions significantly slowed down the corrosion process of metals. The bactericide was used in conjunction with commonly used oilfield chemicals such as corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, flocculants, without obvious changes in appearance, no reduction in efficacy. Therefore, it may be concluded that the bactericide has good compatibility.