Papers by Keyword: Cotton

Abstract: Regenerating cellulose (cotton) through anti-solvent precipitation is a promising method for recycling textile waste. The selection of an anti-solvent during the regeneration of cellulose depends on its molecular structure. In this study, dissolved cotton in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was treated with five different anti-solvents for cellulose: sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solution, ethanol, and water. The results show that water is adequate in regenerating cotton by up to 20%. The FTIR study was performed to analyze changes in the chemical structure of regenerated cotton following regeneration with different solvents. The C-H bend peak observed around 800-900 cm-1 confirmed that the main β-glycosidic bonds in cellulose were retained across all samples after the regeneration process. Each anti-solvent altered the cellulose structure by modifying hydrogen bonding through specific rearrangements in the chain packing. This is reflected in the lateral-order index (LOI), which represents the ratio of crystalline to amorphous regions. By comparing the lateral-order index (LOI) A1430/A886 from FTIR peak and UV-vis absorbance, the result confirmed that the ranking of effective regeneration using anti-solvent was H2O > NaOH > CaCl₂, ethanol > HCl.

Abstract: Screen printing consists of various types, including glow in the dark screen printing. This study aims to determine the effect of the phosphorus-to-transparent rubber ratio on the final results of glow-in-the dark screen printing. This type of research is an experiment, which has independent variables, namely the ratio of phosphorus and rubber 2: 5, 3: 5, 4: 5, and 5: 5, the dependent variable is the final results of glow-in-the dark screen printing which includes three aspects, namely sharpness, texture, and adhesion, control variables, namely screen, cliche, coating technique, squeegee, base ink color, phosphorus color, fabric used and the person who made the screen printing. The data collection method involved observations conducted by 10 observers. Data analysis was performed using mean value data. The analysis shows a significant effect of phosphorus-to-rubber ratios of 2:5, 3: 5, 4: 5, and 5: 5 on the final results of glow in the dark screen printing which includes aspects of color sharpness, texture, and ink adhesion. In terms of color sharpness, the 2:5 ratio produces the sharpest color compared to the 5:5, 4:5, and 5:5 ratios. In terms of texture, the 2:5 ratio produces the glossiest texture compared to ratios of 3:5, 4:5, and 5:5. In terms of ink adhesion, the 2:5 ratio produces the most adhesive ink compared to ratios of 3:5, 4:5, and 5:5.

Abstract: Nitrocellulose (NC) has attracted great interest among researchers due to its extensive range of applications. Generally, NC with high nitrogen content is prepared from cotton, which is challenging to cultivate in Indonesia. Therefore, this study explored the potential of ramie and kenaf, materials that are known to have high-cellulose content and abundance in Indonesia, especially for NC production. In this research, cotton, ramie, and kenaf fibers were treated by using 17.5% (w/w) NaOH to obtain α-cellulose. The nitration process used a mixture of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃) with a ratio of 3:1 (v/v). The effect of cellulose-to-reagent on the nitrogen content in different weight ratios (1:50, 1:100, and 1:150) was investigated. The nitrogen content in NC was determined using the acetone insolubility test according to MIL-DTL-244C standards, FTIR spectroscopy, and elemental analyzer. The FTIR spectrum showed the presence of NO₂ groups in NC which confirmed a successful nitration process. In addition, the highest nitrogen content obtained from cotton, ramie, and kenaf fibers was 10.3%, 10.93% and 11.23%, respectively. Based on the research findings, ramie and kenaf fibers show great potential as raw materials for producing NC with higher nitrogen content compared to cotton.

Abstract: In this study, the effects of cotton fiber characteristics, tested by Uster High VolumeInstruments (HVI) on the tenacity, elongation, unevenness, imperfection index (IPI) and hairiness values of the combed ring spinning yarns, were investigated in detail. Based on the experiments, it was found that an increase in fiber tensile strength and elongation leads to an increase in the specific tensile strength and elongation of the yarn; an increase in short fiber content and neps fiber materials leads to an increase in the unevenness, IPI of the yarn; an increase in the fiber length leads to a decrease the hairiness values of the yarn, etc. Information concerning the relative contribution of fiber characteristics to yarn properties is one of the important targets for the spinner to choose cottons that are best suited to the manufacture of specific end product.

Abstract: Socks, being a necessary item of clothing, must be comfortable and maintain their quality throughout their life. Therefore, it is very important to select the yarns for their production. Usually, casual socks are made from a high percentage of cotton to ensure softness and comfort, and blended with polyamide to improve fit, durability and shrink resistance. The objective of this study is to compare five groups of black colored cotton calf-length men's socks produced under the same conditions in full plating with different textured polyamide 6.6 multifilament yarns, designated as: 22 dtex f7 × 2, 33 dtex f10 × 2, 44 dtex f13 × 2, 78 dtex f23 × 2, 110 dtex f34 × 2. The influence of the linear density of the polyamide plating yarn on the usage properties of the socks was evaluated by testing abrasion resistance and propensity to surface pilling with the Martindale abrasion and pilling tester, dimensional stability and color fastness to washing, perspiration and rubbing, as well as on comfort-related properties by testing moisture absorption, air permeability and thermal resistance with the Thermal foot manikin system. In addition, the basic physical properties of the socks, consisting of density parameters, mass and thickness were measured, all according to the standardized test methods. The results show that increasing the linear density of polyamide 6.6 yarns (i.e., increasing the amount of polyamide in the socks) has the following effects: increase in mass, thickness and structural change of sock plain knits, increase in abrasion resistance and change in dimensional stability of socks, decrease in moisture absorption, air permeability and thermal comfort of socks. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that when selecting the plating yarn for the production of cotton socks, it is necessary to take into account their linear density and structure, as well as the intended purpose of the socks, their specified comfort and the expected usage quality.

Abstract: Cotton has traditionally been mercerised as hanks of yarn or as open-width fabrics, but commercial methods to mercerise loose stock directly after ginning have been limited. Arnold and Rippon [1,2] produced continuous lengths of fully mercerised sliver with increased fibre strength, enhanced dye-uptake, improved surface lustre, without fibre shrinkage. Not only did the method prevent shrinkage, but fibres could be stretched by as much as 4% and then stably set. The disadvantage of this method was that fibre had to be fully processed to sliver form.An improved prototype machine has now been successfully developed to continuously mercerise ginned loose stock. Testing has confirmed that the output fibres are mercerised along their full lengths and have higher tenacity compared with the un-mercerised Control. Fibre lengths have also been maintained, indicating that the shrinkage normally caused by slack mercerising has been prevented. Fibre dyeability is comparable with that of slack-mercerised samples but better than the un-mercerised Control. The improved lustre expected for fibre mercerised under tension has also been confirmed. The production rate of the process can be readily improved, and the prototype expanded in size to increase output.

Abstract: The increasing need of society to develop more sustainable and renewable materials has made vegetal fibers an interesting potential substitute for synthetic fibers in strengthening systems, due to their considerable strength and deformation capacity. This paper aims to increase the knowledge on how the materials interact between them in vegetal FRCM composites to strengthen concrete structures. To do it, two fibers were selected: cotton (CO), due to its good deformation capacity, and hemp (HE), due to its high strength. A low-viscosity and high adherence epoxy resin was used to coat the yarns to protect them from the alkali environment of the cementitious matrix. To study the FRCM-substrate interaction, an adaptation of the test methodology described in ISO 10080:2005 was developed and performed. Three different lengths (30, 40, and 50 cm) were used to obtain the optimal bonding length for hemp case. A single case (50 cm) for cotton was tested to compare its behaviour against hemp. In the FRCM-substrate interaction, it is noticed that hemp-FRCM shows complete bonding as all except one specimen failed by mesh failure. In the case of cotton-FRCM, its deformation capacity (at least 4 times hemp-FRCM) made all specimens deform until the geometric end of the testing set up without the mesh breakage, bearing a lower load but keeping it constant through fiber-matrix friction. In terms of load, hemp-FRCM reached the highest load, 10% higher than cotton-FRCM’s peak load. To conclude, the testing method for assessing steel reinforcement bonding in reinforced concrete was proved to be satisfactory at assessing FRCM-concrete interaction, being able to transmit the load from the substrate to the composite without the slippage of the vegetal-FRCM.

Abstract: In this paper, the sol-gel method was used for in-situ synthesis of SiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) on cotton fabrics with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in the presence of acid and alkaline indicators. The samples were characterized using by (X-ray diffraction) XRD, (scanning electron Microscopy) SEM, (Inductively coupled plasma) ICP, water drop test and also the flame retardant properties were studied by char yield. The SEM images showed that the nanoparticles are spherical in shape and the acidity or alkalinity of the medium has an effect on the formation of particles. The XRD patterns showed the typical diffraction of amorphous SiO₂ (Si-O short-order structure), also ICP analysis showed that by washing the fabrics, the nanoparticles are still present on the fabric, and this indicated the stability of the washing of the fabrics impregnated with the nanoparticles. By in-situ synthesis of SiO₂ nanoparticles, the flame retardant properties have been improved significantly and the amount of residual char was increased and samples were observed to be hydrophilic.

Abstract: Many plant wastes are not currently used in production, they are disposed of in landfills or incinerated. The aim of this study is to develop a composite thermal insulation material from unused spinning waste of flax and cotton fibers and soft wood waste. Samples of thermal insulation materials from plant waste were made by drying using the technology of production of soft wood fiber boards. For composite board defined physico-mechanical characteristics and thermal conductivity. The experiment was carried out according to a second-order plan, regression models of the dependences of the material indicators on the proportion of the binder additive, drying temperature and the proportion of wood waste additives were developed. The study showed that composites from unused spinning waste of plant fibers and soft wood waste have the necessary strength under static bending, the swelling in thickness after staying in water is much lower in comparison with the performance of boards from other plant fillers. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the boards is comparable with the indicator for mineral wool boards.

Abstract: The betel (Piper betle) leaves have been using for traditional medicine in several tropical countries, like Indonesia. The betel leaves have the antimicrobial property for inhibiting the growth of microbes. In this study, cotton fabric was treated with the betel leaves extract 1, 5 and 10 g/l. The peper betel leaves are extracted by using boiling water up to half. The betel leaf extract was imparted onto the cotton fabrics for underclothes apparel using a pad-dry-cure. The antimicrobial activity property of treat cotton fabrics was assessed (Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Candida albicans AATCC 100-2004). The piper betle extract more effective to inhibit the growth of Candida Albicans than Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus. Lactobacillus acidophilus as a good bacteria around the vagina, can still grow. From the result of this study, betel leaf is an antiseptic, then can be used in preventing vaginal discharge. The durability of the betel leaf extract on the cotton fabric did not decrease significantly after washing 15 times using Lounder O’meter machine washing. The excellent performance of antimicrobial on the fabrics can keep clean and can help the vaginal area keep clean, odorless, and is expected to prevent vaginal discharge.