Papers by Keyword: Cytotoxicity

Abstract: Cisplatin (CDDP) is frequently used as an adjuvant chemotherapy in oral cancer management and often associated with significant adverse effects. Natural occurring compounds have provided considerable value in cancer chemotherapeutic research. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main constituent of Nigella sativa has been widely known for its anti-neoplastic activities with negligible undesirable effect on normal cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the enhancement of CDDP cytotoxicity in combination with TQ oral cancer HSC-4 cell line. Cytotoxicity assay followed by Isobologram and Combination Index (CI) analysis using CompuSyn software demonstrated that combined exposure of 1.66 μM (‘low-dose’) of CDDP and 1.52 μM of TQ exhibited synergism on HSC-4 cells with CI value <1 (0.362 and 0.538 at 24h and 48h, respectively). In addition, it was revealed that the low CDDP dose used in the assay was sufficient to reduce the percentage of viable HSC-4 cells at the level comparable to those exposed to IC50 dose of CDDP alone (16.9 μM and 1.97 μM at 24h and 48h respectively). The cytotoxicity assay also confirmed that CDDP treatment at the low-dose had no effect on human oral fibroblasts viability. The study indicates the potential use of TQ to augment the chemotherapeutic activities of CDDP against oral cancers while minimizing the CDDP toxic side effects on normal cells.

Abstract: Luvunga scandens (“Mengkurat Jakun”) is one of the medicinal plant that produce triterpenoid compounds. A number of studies have reported that the compounds possess anti-proliferative activities against various type of cancer cells. The present study aims for anticancer potential of two triterpenoids derived from L. scandens namely flindissol (compound-1) and 3-oxotirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic-acid (compound-2) on human oral cancer HSC-3 cells. Cytotoxic activities of the triterpenoids were assessed by MTT assay. Apoptosis activities were determined by flow cytometry and caspase 3/7 assay. The MTT assay showed that compounds-1 and -2 markedly induced cytotoxicity on HSC-3 cells with IC50 10.7 μM and 8.3 μM, respectively. Flow-cytometry analysis demonstrated that both compounds increase the percentage of apoptotic cells by 18.2 % and 16.6 % respectively. Moreover, the caspase 3/7 assay confirmed that compounds-1 and -2 markedly induced caspase 3/7 activities in HSC-3 cells. These results suggest that triterpenoids extracted from L. scandens could be a potential candidate for oral cancer treatment.

Abstract: In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using methanol extract of Semenovia. suffruticosa. The prepared AgNPs (SS-AgNPs) were examined by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-raydiffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Afterward, biological activities including cytotoxicity, ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), antileishmanial and antibacterial effects were investigated. According to the UV-Vis spectroscopy, absorption peak at 430 nm indicates the synthesis of AgNPs. TEM and SEM image of AgNPs shows spherical shape with size range of 20–70 nm. FTIR analysis displayed the involvement of phytochemical constituents in synthesized nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the synthesis of highly pure AgNPs with high crystallinity and Cubic shape with crystalline size of 21.4 nm. SS-AgNPs were cytotoxic on cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 15, 20, 20 and 26 µg/mL in HEK 293, Caco-2, SH-SY5Y and MDA-MD-231 cells, respectively. DCFH-DA assay showed that 24 h exposure to 25, 50, 100, 200 µg/mL concentrations of SS-AgNPs significantly increased production of ROS in cells that indicate oxidative stress induction by SS-AgNPs. Annexin V-PE/7-AAD staining analysis revealed a combination of apoptosis and necrosis following the exposure of Ag NPs to cells. SS-AgNPs displayed a notable bactericidal activity against Gram-negative bacterial strains. SS-AgNPs revealed remarkable antileishmanial activity against the promastigote and amastigote stages of Leishmania. major. IC₅₀ values of SS-AgNPs were 16.17 and 6.35 using promastigote and amastigotes assay respectively. Conclusively, phytosynthesized AgNPs is effective in antileishmanial, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.

Abstract: A real-time impedance-based electrochemistry assay was used for assessing the cytotoxicity effect of water extract Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis on Vero cell line. In this study, H. rosa-sinensis was extracted by using the water extraction with three different concentration which were 200, 100 and 50 µg/mL. The phytochemical compounds in the extract were analyzed by using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS result showed that the extract contains bioactive compounds such as n-hexadecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid, phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) and octadecanoic acid that have bioactive properties such as cytotoxic and antioxidant. The cytotoxic effect of the extract on normal cell line was assessed by using Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) instrument. The result showed that there was no significant cytotoxicity effect against Vero cell lines. This result showed that the real-time impedance-based assay can be utilized to monitor changes of the cells and to determine the inhibitory concentration of the extract.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of a domestically-made light-cured orthodontic adhesive to a commercial adhesive, Transbond XT (3M Unitek, USA). An in-house orthodontic adhesive composed of a filler 60-70 weight % and a monomer ratio (BisGMA:TEGDMA) of 6:4 with 0.5% of photoinitiator was mixed. The potential cytotoxic effect of this experimental and a control adhesive was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay according to ISO 10993-5: 2009(E). The L929 cell line was grown in 96-well tissue culture plates (1x10⁵ cells/mm³). Thin cured-resin discs of each material weighing 0.4 gram were prepared and incubated for 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 30 days in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) at 37°C and 95% humidity with 5% CO₂. The percentage of cell viability was reported by descriptive statistics. The result showed that the cell viability of the experimental adhesive was higher than Transbond XT in all measured periods. The cytotoxicity of both the adhesives gradually decreased with the progression of time. In conclusion, the in-house adhesive showed a good biocompatibility since the first day following polymerization. On the other hand, Transbond XT started with a cytotoxic potential, then, turned to be non-cytotoxic after 5 days of curing.

Abstract: Apart from being a promising optoelectronic devices such as photodetector and sensors, ZnO has many dental and biomedical applications. ZnO has been known to possess strong toxicity towards bacteria, cancer and fungi. Cytotoxicity test of pharmaceutical grade of ZnO on L929 mouse fibroblast cell lines was carried out using trypan blue assay. ZnO was characterized for its morphology, structure and optical properties using FESEM, EDS, UV-Vis and XRD. ZnO exhibited various morphologies like rod, platelet, slab and irregular-shaped particles. EDS data showed the ZnO powder possessed relatively higher oxygen atomic percentage if compared to zinc atoms with an oxygen-to-zinc ratio of 1.219. The average crystallite size obtained was about 39 nm. The percentage of cell viability on L929 cell was decreased with increasing ZnO concentrations. The cells viability after 72h were achieved and the concentration of ZnO below 1 mM was summarized as non-toxic after treated with ZnO. The higher surficial oxygen on ZnO particle surface could have promoted higher generation of reactive oxygen species that caused lower L929 cell viability.

Abstract: Sizes of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been shown to affect the biological activity of AgNPs. Hydrogel beads loaded with AgNPs have been extensively employed for biomedical applications. However, the influence of AgNPs sizes on biological activity of AgNP-loaded hydrogel beads has not much studied. Our objectives were to investigate the effect of AgNP sizes on the antibacterial activity, the cyto- and genotoxicity of AgNPs/alginate hydrogel beads. AgNPs of different sizes (⁓10 nm for S-AgNPs, and ⁓50 nm for L-AgNPs) were incorporated into alginate hydrogel beads during the preparation. The results showed that, S-AgNPs/alginate hydrogel beads (⁓89% inhibition) at AgNP concentration of 10 µg/ml tended to inhibit the growth of E. coli greater than L-AgNPs/alginate hydrogel beads (⁓49% inhibition) at the same dose. Moreover, at this effective antibacterial concentration (10 µg/ml), S-AgNPs/alginate hydrogel beads exhibited weak cytotoxic effect to HaCaT cells whereas L-AgNPs/alginate hydrogel beads showed non-cytotoxicity to this cell line. Furthermore, treatment of HaCaT cells with 10 µg/ml of S-AgNPs/ or L-AgNPs/alginate hydrogel beads did not result in a significant change in %DNA in tail when compared to untreated cells. Therefore, these AgNPs/alginate hydrogel beads, especially with smaller sized AgNPs, can be used as an antibacterial biomaterial with low cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to human cells.

Abstract: One of the biggest problems facing the leather industry is the production of solid waste with chromium. Dechroming process remove chrome from leather waste and it is designed to recover the value of collagen in the waste. Thus, the aim of this study was try to improve a methodology of dechroming process already described in the scientific literature, seeking to increase the percentage of dechroming ratio, as well as to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the dechromed samples obtained from the leather residue for possible applications that require non-toxic materials based on collagens. As results, the dechroming process has been shown to be effective, with 99.29% of chromium removed from the shavings. In addition, it is possible to infer that the process of dechroming performed in this study was efficient in the neutralization step of hexavalent chromium and that the collagen from the leather residue did not shows cytotoxic and genotoxic effects for the evaluated in vitro test system. Therefore, this treatment allows to obtain a valuable product extracted from what was previously a hazardous waste.

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of three commercial light-cured orthodontic adhesives.Materials and methods: The potential cytotoxic effects of three types of orthodontic adhesives, Grengloo, Green Glue, and Transbond XT, were tested on L929 cell culture. The cell line was grown in 96-well tissue culture plates (1x10⁵ cells/mm³). Thin resin discs weighing 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8, and 0.8 gram of each material were prepared and aged for 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10 days, respectively, in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) at 37°C with 5% CO₂ at 100% humidity. Cell viability was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay according to ISO 10993-5: 2009 (E). The differences among the groups was statically analyzed by independent paired t-test (α = 0.05).Results: After 1 day of storage, all adhesive systems showed cytotoxic effects. However, ageing tended to considerably reduce the cytotoxicity of Green Glue. Grengloo was essentially non-cytotoxic day 3 onwards, while Green Glue and Transbond XT exhibited potential cytotoxicity at all times of the experiment. Conclusion: All tested light-cured orthodontic adhesives had cytotoxic potential during the first day. Grengloo had the highest cell viability, whereas, Green Glue had the lowest.

Abstract: Streptococcus mutans is the most prevalent bacterial species isolated from the human oral cavity. Its ability to form biofilms is an important factor in the pathogenesis of dental caries. Thus, the search for new antimicrobial agents, especially from plants, has been intensified. Kaempferia parviflora has been the subject of research for many pharmacological and antimicrobial activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ethanolic extract of K. parviflora root (0.46, 0.94, 1.87, 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30 mg/ml) on S. mutans KPSK₂ biofilm formation using crystal violet assay. Cytotoxicity was determined according to 10993-5/2009 on human gingival fibroblast by MTT assay. The results showed that K. parviflora extract could inhibit biofilm formation to approximately 62-82% at the concentrations of 0.46-30 mg/ml. In the case of cytotoxicity, no cytotoxic potential was demonstrated at concentration of £ 7.5 mg/ml of K. parviflora. In conclusion, K. parviflora extract is a potentially useful anti-biofilm agent against caries-associated bacteria and could be used as adjunct to other caries preventive measures.