Papers by Keyword: Diffusible Hydrogen

Abstract: The influences of moisture corruption and drying considerations on diffusible hydrogen were examined in this study. Two trials were carried out on an arc welding procedure, with the first being an assessment of the results of moisture contamination and the second being a test of the impact of welding constraints on diffusible hydrogen content. For example, the dispersible hydrogen found in welds was likened to the hydrogen levels of different unused electrodes. To calculate the proper drying constraints (Time and Temperature) for an applicable moisture contamination level in the weld electrode, an empirical equation was devised. For electrodes with a small diameter and welding parameter limits typically used for out-of-position welding, the equation is appropriate.

Abstract: Specimens of various sizes are used to determine hydrogen content in deposited metals in such standards as ISO 3690, AWS A 4.3, and GOST 23338 while measuring methods are the same. It causes problems in comparison of experimental results and brings up the following question: what kind of specimen size is optimal to determine hydrogen content An optimal specimen size was estimated using a calculation method. Experimental and calculation results obtained by using specimens with estimated dimensions were compared to the results obtained by using the specimen with dimensions of 100*25*8 mm to determine hydrogen content in a deposited metal.

Abstract: One of the types of hydrogen degradation of steel welded joints is cold cracking. The direct cause of the formation of cold cracks is simultaneous presence of hydrogen, residual stresses and brittle structure. The way of preventing the occurring of degradation is to eliminate at least one of these factors. Practice has shown that the best solution is to control the amount of hydrogen in deposited metal. In this paper an experimental evaluation of the effect of the welding parameters on the content of diffusible hydrogen in deposited metal obtained from rutile flux cored wire grade H10 was carried out. The state of the art of considered issues was described and results of preliminary investigations were presented. Five factors were considered: the flow rate of shielding gas, the welding current, the arc voltage, the welding speed and the electrode extension. All factors were optimized using a Plackett-Burman design to get the most relevant variables. The level of diffusible hydrogen was determined by a glycerin test. The results of the experiment indicate that appropriate choice of welding parameters may significantly reduce diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal.

Abstract: The primary limitation of weldability of high strength low alloy steel is susceptibility to cold cracking. The important reason of the formation of cold cracks, besides forming brittle structure and residual stresses, is the presence of diffusible hydrogen in welded joint. The most effective methods reducing the susceptibility to cold cracking are connected with decreasing the amount of potential hydrogen. This process may be carried out in technological (drying welding filler materials, preheating components) or in a metallurgical way (filler metals with austenitic structure, adding rare-earths elements to filler metals as traps for hydrogen atoms in steel). The possibility to minimize the amount of diffusible hydrogen by changing the welding parameters seems to be particularly interesting. The article presents the results of a literature survey and preliminary tests which set out effects of welding conditions on the amount of diffusible hydrogen in deposited metal. Experiments were conducted by using rutile coated electrodes which generate high contents of diffusible hydrogen in deposited metal. The amount of diffusible hydrogen was determined by a glycerin test. Eleven factors were considered: the electrode angle, the grinding of sample, the preheat temperature, the polarity of welding current, the welding current, the welding – cooling time, the electrode usage, the time of welding, the thickness of specimen, the welding – measurement time and thickness of electrode coating. All factors were optimized using a Plackett-Burman design to get the most relevant variables. The results of the preliminary tests indicate that appropriate choice of welding parameters may considerably reduce diffusible hydrogen in deposited metal. However, the range of parameters is limited by the necessity of providing stability of the welding process and obtaining required properties of the welded joint.

Abstract: Electrodes can absorb moisture easily so that the diffusible hydrogen is quite high in the weld bead. Fe₃O₄ powder is used to promote the reaction of myristic acid and the electrode surface, and reduce the diffusible hydrogen, because of its excellent microwave absorption property. Electrodes are immersed to the light petroleum solution which contains myristic and Fe₃O₄ particles, then they are put into the microwave oven and become water-resistant . The results of FT-IR and SEM microscope indicate that Fe₃O₄ powder absorb microwave and melt myristic acid to form the water-resistant film. The best ratio of myristic acid in the petroleum ether is 18% and the diffusible hydrogen of the deposited metal of microwave treated electrode decreased to 83% of the untreated electrode.

Abstract: Absorbing moisture of electrode coating easily leads to high diffusible hydrogen of welding seam, resulting in hydrogen embrittlement, porosity, cold crack and other defects.Microwave absorption material Fe3O4 is used to promote the reaction of palmitic acid, and reduce the diffusible hydrogen of weld bead. Electrode is immersed to the light petroleum solution containing palmitic and Fe3O4 particles, then the electrode is put into the microwave oven and become water-resistant . The results of FT-IR and SEM indicate that Fe3O4 absorb the microwave and lead to the reaction of palmitic acid and electrode surface. The electrode become water-resistant after microwave reaction, The best ratio of palmitic acid in the petroleum ether is 15%, and the weld diffusible hydrogen decreases to 74%.

Abstract: Facing the practical difficulties in reducing the diffusible hydrogen content of fluxcontaining welding consumables like flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) wires, the present study investigated the microstructural aspect to improve the hydrogen-induced cold crack (HICC) resistance of multipass weld metal of 600MPa strength. Two FCA welding wires were prepared by controlling the Ni content to give different weld microstructure, but to have similar levels of hardness and diffusible hydrogen content. HICC susceptibility of those two consumables was evaluated by 'G-BOP test' and also by 'multi-pass weld metal cold cracking test'. As a result of this study, it was demonstrated that microstructural modification with decreased proportion of grain boundary ferrite (GF) improved cold crack resistance of weld metal. The detrimental effect of GF against HICC has also been addressed based on the characteristics of weld metal cold cracking.