Papers by Keyword: Divergence

Abstract: The paper presents new methods and procedures to measure the characteristics of laser beams and their transmission through optical systems. The paper describes the work procedures and equipments used to measure the characteristics of laser beams and their transmission through optical systems. Using these working procedures, experimental measurement for the characteristics of the beam for a 1.54 µm laser rangefinder and the transmission of a 633 nm laser beam through laser protection glasses were made.

Abstract: This paper introduces the solution for calculating the divergence dynamic pressure of wing under subsonic speed based on static aeroelasticity. Several groups of results (q ~ θ values) are calculated and the divergence dynamic pressure can be obtained through two methods, i.e. making q ~ θ value curves or deducing divergence dynamic pressure formula based on the characteristics of equilateral hyperbola. According to several groups of calculated data, the error caused by the two methods is minor and can be ignored basically.

Abstract: According to field synergy principle, analyzes the relationship of the effect for heat transfer with mass transfer in porous media. Using the divergence equation, express the degree of gas phase velocity vector and temperature gradient velocity in the process of heat and mass transfer, and the field synergy angle θ play an important role in heat and mass transfer either global or partial. In the result, the heat and mass transfer would be constrained by each other while πθ>π/2, and be promoted whileπ/2>θ0, and be independency while θ=π/2. The divergence equation of field synergy principle present the method of strengthen the heat and mass transfer in porous media.

Abstract: The output considerations: velocity, pressure, density, internal energy, temperature and L/D ratio of explosively formed projectiles (EFPs) were investigated. The internal energy of the EFPs was inversely proportional to the density of the liner material. The shock pressure generated and its fluctuations were highest for Fe and Ta liner materials respectively. The least pressure variations were observed for Cu along its axial direction with highest length to diameter (L/D) ratio to supports deeper penetration. The maximum difference between numerical simulation and experiment was 9.7 % for Cu EFP.

Abstract: The divergence of still point charge is zero in the vacuum passive space, but the divergence of moving point charge is not zero. In order to make the divergence of moving point charge in the vacuum passive space being zero, we must choose the coordinate in which moving point charge has the same velocity with the coordinate as a reference system.

Abstract: Aeroelastic tailoring studies using effective computational method with genetic algorithm have been conducted to find an optimized lamination set which give minimum structural weight. The efficient and robust computational system for the flutter optimization has been developed using the coupled computational method based on the micro genetic algorithm. It is shown that the wing structural weight with both divergence and flutter constrains can be significantly reduced using composite materials with proper optimum lamination compared to the case of isotropic wing model.

Abstract: Estimation of void formation in oxide scale is important for predicting exfoliation of the oxide scale. Void formation in magnetite scale formed on iron at 823 K has been elucidated by chemical potential distribution, flux of oxide ion and its divergence. This calculation also estimates a effective diffusion coefficient, which includes both lattice diffusion and grain boundary diffusion in magnetite scale. The resulting effective diffusion coefficients give the quantitative elucidation of the morphology of the magnetite scale. The divergence of oxide ion explains well a position and an amount of void in magnetite scale.

Abstract: A simple analytical approach is given to calculate the performance of parabolic mirrors for various wavelengths. Expressions are given for the efficiency of the parabolic mirror system and insertion gain. As examples, parameters for some mirrors for CuKα and MoKα radiation are calculated.