Papers by Keyword: Electricity

Abstract: In₂O₃/ZnO/fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) photoanode was prepared by electrochemical anodization-hydrothermal approach and to assemble a visible light activated photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) with CuO/Cu cathode. The as-fabricated electrodes were scrutinized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses. The maximum power density and chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTCH)-bearing aquaculture wastewater removal efficiency of In₂O₃/ZnO/FTO PFC treatment for 240 min were 0.3084 µW cm^-2 and 91.5%, respectively, which were much higher than that of PFC with ZnO/FTO photoanode (0.1805 µW cm^-2 and 67.5%, respectively). The spectacular performance of this PFC system was realized by the S-scheme heterojunction of the photoanode between In₂O₃ and ZnO/FTO, which boosted the segregation of photoexcited carriers and yielded powerful active radical species for the photoelectrocatalytic activity. This study can serve as reference for the devise and heterojunction establishment of highly effective electrodes of PFC with visible light response.

Abstract: One of several renewable energy sources currently being developed in the world is wind energy. This wind energy is very flexible, environmentally friendly and has high efficiency.. This research focuses on planning a wind power plant that will be implemented at the Malikussaleh Mosque. The research stage begins with studying references and literature as well as the results of previous research. Then carry out a location survey to measure the existing wind speed. The second stage is selecting the windmill and designing its mount to determine the need for a control circuit, inverter, and battery selection. The third stage is planning the system plan, then the fourth stage is measuring and testing the suitability of the device whether it complies with the design and produces the planned power or not. The output resulting from this research is a recommendation for planning the use of wind power plants as an additional source of electrical energy at the Malikussaleh Mosque.

Abstract: Fossil fuel usage for power generation has been associated to several harmful environmental impacts, such as the release of greenhouse gases and the production of acid rain. As a more sustainable option, utilizing renewable energy sources, such as hydro and wind power, has gained popularity in recent years. In 2020, approximately 4500 TWh and 1600 TWh of global electricity were generated from hydropower and wind power worldwide respectively. This proves, both wind and hydroelectric power have a great deal of potential for producing electricity sustainably. Moreover, using these renewable energies can significantly reduce acid rain. SO₂ (Sulphur Dioxide) and NO (Nitrogen oxide) emissions from burning fossil fuels combine with atmospheric water vapor generates H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) and HNO₃ (nitric acid), what causes acid rain. Acid rain can be reduced by using hydroelectric and wind energy instead of fossil fuels. This study points out the benefits of using hydro and wind power for eco-friendly electricity production and minimizing acid rain. A five-compartmental mathematical model included hydropower (H), wind power (W), fossil fuel (F), acid rain (A) and electricity (E) has been investigated here. The qualitative analysis of the model refers that, using hydro and wind power makes sustainable production of electricity easier and reduces acid rain.

Abstract: Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are considered as an economical and sustainable technology for various applications. This study has designed four single-chamber SCMFCs that composed of graphite plates as electrodes and used wastewater as a substrate for microorganisms. In order to evaluate the performance of SCMFC, the experiments were executed in a batch mode over 18 days at various types of salt bridge. Four salt bridges are used namely (KCl, NaCl, KNO₃, and Cotton Rope). It was found that KCl generated a maximum voltage of 989 mv. The following results were obtained for wastewater investigated parameters: COD = 94%, PO₄ = 88.4%, NO₃ = 88%, TSS = 80%, and Fe = 76%, respectively at 1 M KCl. The experiment was then carried out using different values of KCl (1, 1.5, 2, 3 M). It was found that at a molar concentration of 1.5, 1422 mv of maximum voltage has been generated. Results for wastewater treatment demonstrated that COD of 81%, PO4 of 78.2%, NO3 of 79%, TSS of 80%, and Fe of 84%.

Abstract: Thermoelectric-based on Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) is a method of converting heat energy into electrical energy directly if there is a temperature difference (∆T) between the hot side temperature (Th) and the cold side temperature (Tc) of the TEG. Compared to conventional energy conversions such as steam turbines, this thermoelectric technology has no moving parts, is compact, quiet, highly reliable, environmentally friendly, and operated for long periods with minimal maintenance. This study aims to develop TEG technology as a means of converting heat energy from geothermal sources, especially those with medium and low temperatures (< 180 °C). The method used in this research is to conduct experiments to obtain the ideal TEG characteristics for use in medium and low temperature geothermal conditions. To achieve this goal, a characteristic test was conducted for five types of TEG with criteria including a maximum operating temperature of 200 °C. The parameters that measured in this experiment are temperature T, voltage V, current I and electric power P. Based on data, the results is TEG1-241-1.4-1.2 is the most optimal power that produce output power 6.5 Watt at 150 °C.

Abstract: The Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) has been receiving special attention in recent research as an alternative for climate change mitigation since it is a renewable source and can remove and stock high amounts of CO₂ from the atmosphere. Some countries, such as Brazil, still do not have mature and large CLT industry. However, the development of this industry in other countries is expected since the CLT is considered the main wood material to be used in high-rise mass timber buildings. It is particularly important to have environmental information, especially concerning the climate change impacts, in terms of life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, for this product to increase its competitiveness in a new market. In this context, this research aimed to evaluate three different Life cycle inventories (LCIs) for CLT production of studies from Japan and the United States. Based on the first findings, we summarized the critical items in the LCI of CLT production and listed some actions for the reduction of GHG emissions that occur in this process. The LCIs are adapted considering the context of Brazil (a country with a cleaner electricity matrix) and China (a country with the highest share of fossil fuels). The main inconsistencies present in the LCIs are presented and discussed. The GHG emissions are concentrated in the following hotspots: (1) Roundwood production; (2) electricity consumption; and (3) adhesives production for CLT production. Therefore, the reduction of the consumption of these materials and activities should be encouraged for the decrease of GHG emissions. The data of Roundwood used in the modelling severely affects the final results. Their GHG emissions are related to the consumption of diesel in forestry activities. This research brings insights into the evaluation of the life cycle GHG emissions from the production of CLT.

Abstract: Of all the known methods for increasing the cement activity, mechanical grinding is distinguished in the work. For mechanical grinding, technological characteristics of grinding in an electromagnetic field are established (mill - linear induction rotator, LIV). The value of the increment of activity is determined depending on its initial (initial) value. To determine the estimated value of the cement consumption, the methods provided by the state standard of the Russian Federation were used. The experiments, as well as the measurement of the compressive strength (R), were carried out in accordance with the GOST requirements. The cement mechanical grinding effective application field in electromagnetic field is determined by comparing the costs and savings. The costs are calculated as the cost of electricity needed for grinding. The savings are the cost of the established difference between the cement consumption for the initial activity of cement and the actual value, which is able to provide the concrete with a given design strength. The results describing the field of the cement mechanical grinding effective application are presented in tabular form and graphically. When determining the area of ​​ the mechanical grinding effective use, the conclusion that it is necessary to adjust the technological grinding regimes depending on the initial activity of the cement, as well as on the chemical composition of the clinker (manufacturer) was confirmed. The prospects for the research on mechanical grinding technology are associated with obtaining grinding regimes depending on the initial size and composition of the clinker. The area of ​​effective application of mechanical activation should be determined each time depending on the physical and mechanical cement properties.

Abstract: Indonesia is a tropical country which become one of the largest producer country of biomass especially from agricultural and forestry sector. One of the biomass source that has not been widely utilized is sago. Sago is an alternative source of carbohydrates besides rice, especially in the eastern region such as Papua. The potential of sago in Papua was 66,593 tons in 2018. This potential produces sago waste from processing sago starch, which can pollute the environment. Utilization of sago waste in the form of sago production waste as a source of biomass for electricity generation is an alternative solution. The result shows that sago pulp can be processed into briquettes with the calorific value of 6,327.4 kcal/kg – 6,946.7 kcal/kg. Sago production waste generated from the processing of sago starch is 14% so that the daily waste potential is 25.54 tons/day. Based on this potential, OWRS technology using pyrolysis-gasification obtained 6.6 tons/day of sago charcoal briquettes. The potential of heat energy was 42.03 Gcal/day. The potential of electricity that can be produced with updraft-fixed bed gasification from sago charcoal briquettes was 5.18 MWh. The theoretical power is 2.03 MW with an output power of 215.83 kW at 11% efficiency.

Abstract: Electrical wires with melted ends showing beaded, drop-shaped, and pointed shapes are frequently encountered after fires that may provide useful information on the cause and development of the fire.Various methods have been studied for differentiating between primary arcing beads, (indicating arcing as the fire cause) and secondary arcing beads (indicating arcing as a result of the fire). There are few studies carried out on the melting globules produced due to fire heat. Also, in some major cases, primary arcing beads and secondary arcing beads are difficult to be identified by using one method. In this study, a full scheme of differentiating methods between simulated samples of melting globules, primary arcing beads and secondary arcing beads are processed with macroscopic investigation. The in-depth composition of carbon quantitative analysis and metallurgical analysis of these samples have been studied. The results of this study has proved that the real cases are compatible with simulated ones.

Abstract: Recycling of optional water source especially greywater and energy recovery from effluent is garnering impetus owing to clean water scarcity and energy crisis. In current work, photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) utilizing a TiO₂/ZnO/Zn photoanode and a CuO/Cu photocathode was developed for efficient greywater treatment and power generation. The photoelectrodes were measured by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Using 2 layers of TiO₂/ZnO on Zn film, chemical oxidation demand (COD) removal efficiency had achieved 73% in the UV light-activated PFC system. The electrical generation was concomitantly found, in which the open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-current density (Jsc) and maximum power density (Pmax) were 634 mV, 0.1612 mA cm^-2 and 0.0257 mW cm^-2, respectively. The PFC has also revealed high antibacterial activity towards and Escherichia coli (E. coli), highlighting its potential photocatalytic and antibacterial properties for greywater reused and clean energy production.