Papers by Keyword: Electrolyte

Abstract: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are among the most promising clean energy technologies, yet their widespread commercialization is hindered by high operating temperatures, material degradation, and cost challenges. Recent advances in anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials have enabled SOFCs to operate efficiently at intermediate temperatures (500–800 °C), thereby reducing thermal stress and manufacturing costs. For instance, gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) has demonstrated up to three times higher ionic conductivity than yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) at 600 °C, while perovskite-based cathodes such as LSCF (La₀.₆Sr₀.₄Co₀.₂Fe₀.₈O₃−δ) exhibit superior catalytic activity and stability compared to conventional lanthanum manganite. This review critically analyzes the progress in SOFC material development, highlights key fabrication strategies such as spin coating and advanced thin-film deposition, and evaluates techno-economic considerations for scaling up. The study also outlines future research directions including nanostructuring, hybrid electrolytes, and durability testing to accelerate commercialization.

Abstract: Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has gained much attention as a promising material for advanced energy storage solutions, including supercapacitors, due to its many advantages. This study presents the fabrication and characterization of LIG electrodes for electrochemical energy storage, a significant contribution to the field. Laser writing parameters such as laser power and scanning speed were optimized to produce highly conductive and electrochemically active LIG material. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of high-quality graphene with excellent electrical conductivity. A systematic investigation of the electrochemical performance of the LIG electrodes was conducted using various aqueous electrolytes, including H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid), KOH (potassium hydroxide), NaOH (sodium hydroxide), and Na₂SO₄(sodium sulfate), all at the same concentration. A solid-state supercapacitor was assembled using two separate LIG electrodes, and its electrochemical performance was analyzed using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The specific areal capacitance of the supercapacitor was determined to be 6.9 mF/cm² at a scan rate of 10 mV/s. The device demonstrated performance consistent with many previously reported LIG-based supercapacitors.

Abstract: This research aims to investigate the potential effect on the performance of Al-Al electrodes in the electrocoagulation method. The influence of this potential can be observed through microplastic removal and turbidity levels. The research was conducted in situ using a chemical beaker, employing Al-Al electrodes at various different potentials (5, 10, 15, and 20 V) that were systematically investigated. The results of this research indicate that an increase in potential has a positive impact on the efficiency of microplastic removal and turbidity levels. Efficiency removal of microplastic and turbidity levels increase with an increase in potential until optimum condition. The microplastic removal efficiency was found to be 100% ± 0 at a potential of 10 V after 60 minutes of electrolysis, with a plate spacing of 2.5 cm and an electrolyte concentration of 0.01 mol/L. At a potential of 10 V, the value of NTU changed from >200 NTU to 30 NTU. This research showed that the effectiveness of the Al-Al electrodes performance is influenced by the potential.

Abstract: Supercapbatteries are energy storage devices to solve low power and energy density problems. In this study, using cassava tubers activated carbon on the cathode side and silicon on the anode side. The electrodes are arranged in a coin cell device using various electrolytes 6M KOH and 1M Et₄NBF₄. The substrate used as the electrode is nickel foam with a drop-by-drop deposition technique. Microstructural properties of cassava tuber activated carbon and silicon were characterized using XRD, SEM, and FTIR. XRD showed cassava tuber-activated carbon was in an amorphous phase and the diffraction peak was similar to that of commercial activated carbon. On the other hand, silicon exhibits a crystalline phase. Based on SEM, the particle size distribution of cassava tuber activated carbon is 8.87μm, the average pore size is 0.988μm, and the percentage of porosity is 69.49%, while the particle size distribution of silicon is 0.065μm. The FTIR results show the formation of a C=C functional group which characterizes the nature of activated carbon at a wavelength of 1592.04 cm^-1. GCD tests show that the electrochemical performance of super batteries is better when using 6M KOH electrolyte, specific capacitance, power density, and energy density 27.6F/g, 282.7W/kg, and 7.4Wh/kg.

Abstract: Carrageenan is a generic name for a family of natural, water-soluble, sulphated galactans isolated from red seaweeds and exploited commercially. The biopolymer of kappa carrageenan has been known to be used as electrolyte in electrochemical device since it shows good ionic conductivity characteristic. In this study, we attempt to study the chemical, morphology, and electric properties of biopolymer kappa carrageenan. We developed a free-standing film of kappa carrageenan with addition of ammonium chloride as an electrolyte for an organic battery prototype. We prepared the solution by mixing kappa carrageenan, ammonium chloride and water to form a gel with a particular concentration. Then, the gel was coated on the substrate and cured at 50°C for 4 hours. The final free-standing film product reveals a thickness about 100-200 mm as captured by SEM image in cross-section view. The morphology of kappa carrageenan with or without ammonium chloride clearly shows a non-homogeneous surface that attributed to the nature characteristics of kappa carrageenan immiscible. The addition of ammonium chloride into kappa carrageenan forms a smoother surface that show good mixture of kappa carrageenan. FTIR spectra of the samples show the interaction of ammonium chloride to the host polymer of kappa carrageenan as indicated by the shifted of the O-H peak from 3448 to 3446 cm^-1 and from 3288 to 3207 cm^-1 while the peak of 2924 cm^-1 is disappeared after addition of the ammonium chloride. The implementation of this film in an organic C_Zn battery prototype shows that battery’s voltage reached 2.1 Volt by charging. Then, the battery can be used to emit an LED with 20 µA electrical current for about 1 hour in discharging process.

Abstract: The anatase titanium dioxide nanotube array (TiO₂ NTA) with short and independent nanotube film structure is applied as stable metal oxide electrode substrate. The influence of different proton acid electrolytes is fully investigated on the electrical double-layer capacitance. The anatase TiO₂ NTA electrode substrate conducts reversible protonation-deprotonation process of dissociation hydrogen ion and electrostatic adsorption-desorption process of equilibrium anion in the cycling charge-discharge process. The reversible properties could be well proved by highly symmetric characteristic of positive-negative sweeping current and charge-discharge potential. The protonated TiO₂ NTA electrode substrate reveals cyclic voltammetry-based capacitances of 0.147 and 0.124 mF cm^-2, galvanostatic charge-discharge-based capacitances of 0.167 and 0.148 mF cm^-2 when similar dissociation proton concentration is maintained in 1.0 M H₂SO₄ and 1.0 M HCl. The TiO₂/H₂SO₄ exhibits similar capacitance enhancement ratio of 1.19 and 1.13 in comparison with of the TiO₂/HCl. The corresponding electrical double-layer capacitance at the same dissociation proton condition is mostly dependent on the electrostatic interaction between the protonated TiO₂ and equilibrium anions in different proton acid electrolytes rather than anion diffusion. The theoretical simulation calculation reveals that TiOOH⁺-HSO₄^- shows lower interaction interface energy and higher total densities of states than TiOOH⁺-Cl^-. Accordingly, TiO₂/H₂SO₄ conducts more feasible protonation and electrostatic adsorption process rather than TiO₂/HCl, contributing to its superior electrical double-layer capacitance.

Abstract: The study of the influence of the physical and mechanical properties of concrete on various hydraulic binders on the corrosion resistance of steel reinforcement has been carried out. As a binder, the following were considered: CEM I 42.5 N and a slag-alkaline binder (SAB) based on ground granulated blast-furnace slag of Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant (NMP). For comparative tests, concretes of class B 25 (M300) were used on granite aggregate with a fraction of 2,5-7,5 mm. Indicators of physical and mechanical properties such as: compressive strength, porosity, water absorption coefficient and weight loss coefficient of reinforcement at the age of 28, 90 and 180 days are criterial. 5 % aqueous solutions of NaCl, Na₂S0₄ were used as working media in assessing the corrosion resistance of reinforcing steel; MgS0₄. It has been established that steel reinforcement in slag-base concrete (SBC) has high corrosion resistance, both in an aqueous solution of NaCl and in solutions of Na₂S0₄ and MgSO₄. Slag-alkali concretes are characterized by low porosity, lower water absorption coefficient in comparison with concretes based on Portland cement.

Abstract: The efficiency of batteries, supercapacitors, and dye-sensitized solar cells for energy storage and harvesting processes depends on the relative energy levels and the charge transfer kinetics at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Owing to their distinctively tunable properties including non-volatility, low flammability, wide electrochemical stability, inherent conductivity, and high thermal stability, developing low viscosity ionic liquids (ILs) is vital for energy device fabrication. In this work, 1-methylimidazolium ILs were synthesized by a one-step sonochemical solventless reaction and were characterized using FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy to confirm their structure. Hybrid electrolytes based on the 1-methylimidazolium chloride ([MIM]Cl) infused with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles at varying concentrations were prepared, and the effect of solute concentration on their electrochemical and interfacial properties was investigated. Ionic conductivity results revealed that the as-prepared [MIM]Cl-TiO₂-0.5% hybrid electrolytes exhibited a higher conductivity in comparison with neat [MIM]Cl. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry was used to determine their electrochemical stability window and revealed that a wide ESW of 3.56 ± 0.01 V was also obtained by [MIM]Cl-TiO₂-0.5% attributed to the enhanced surface tension of 35.92 ± 0.07 mN/m due to the addition of TiO₂ particles. This observation was validated by the generated pendant drop images showing the remarkable correlation of solute concentration with surface tension and ESW of the hybrid electrolytes. The utilization of these metal oxide-infused solvent-free IL as a substitute for aqueous-and organic-based electrolytes can address issues on electrochemical stability and provide insight in suppressing self-discharge processes, especially when used at higher potentials.

Abstract: The article deals with the role of electrodes materials in improving the industrial wastewater treatment from pollutants by electrochemical action. The instability constants of the complexes and coordinated ligand molecules were calculated. Based on the research conducted regarding the rationalisation of the poly-ligand electrolytes and electrolysis modes, a variative flow scheme of the coatings deposition by triple alloy has been developed. The corrosion resistance characteristics of the coatings obtained in the form of alloy, that were obtained from complex electrolyte that satisfy the necessary coatings requirements for effective treatment of wastewater have been researched. The obtained coatings have better corrosion resistance than in special steels of electrochemical purpose.

Abstract: The development of biopolymer electrolytes based on methylcellulose (MC) has been accomplished by incorporating ammonium bromide (NB) to the polymer-salt system. The biopolymer electrolytes were prepared via solution-casting method. The conductivity and permittivity characteristics of the material were studied. The biopolymer-salt complex formation have been analysed through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The conductivity of the sample was measured by EIS HIOKI. Upon addition of 20 wt.% of NB, highest conductivity of 3.25×10^-4 μScm^-1 was achieved at ambient temperature. The temperature dependence of the biopolymer electrolytes exhibit Arrhenius behaviour. This result had been further proven in FTIR study.