Papers by Keyword: Emission

Abstract: Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem is one of the most important and widely studied nonlinear optimization problems in power system operation. This study presents the implementation of a new technology based on the hybrid Firefly and krill herd method (FKH), which has been provided and used for OPF problems in power systems. In FKH, an improved formulation of the attractiveness and adjustment of light intensity operator initially employed in FA, named attractiveness and light intensity the update operator (ALIU), is inserted into the KH approach as a local search perform. The FKH is prove with the solving of the OPF problem for various types of single-objective and multi-objective functions such as generation cost, reduced emission, active power losses and voltage deviation which are optimized simultaneously on exam system, viz the IEEE-30 Bus test system, which is used to test and confirm the efficiency of the proposed FKH technique. By comparing with several optimization techniques, the results produced by using the recommended FKH technique are provided in detail. The results obtained in this study appear that the FKH technique can be efficiency used to solve the non-linear and non-convex problems and high performance compared with other optimization methods in the literature. This study can achieve a minimum objective by finding the optimum setting for system control variables.

Abstract: Economic dispatch (ED) is an important optimization task in power system which involves determination of the optimal combination of power outputs for all generating units which will minimize the total fuel cost while satisfying load constraints. There are three criteria in solving the economic load dispatch problem. They are minimizing the total generator operating cost, total emission cost and multi-objective (cost and emission). This paper proposes Moth Flam Optimization (MFO) algorithm for solving the economic dispatch problem with valve point effects and emissions. It determines the optimal generation schedule of generating units by minimizing three criteria. Two test systems consisting of 6 generating units and isolated microgrid have been used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed MFO method. The results obtained from MFO is compared with different algorithms. The results show better global convergence and also gives good optimum solution by reducing system generation cost and emission cost.

Abstract: The depleting Fossil fuels reserves are caused to look into new Renewable energy sources to fulfill Diesel fuel demand in developing countries such as India. Increasing urbanization is lead to the search for new alternative sources like biodiesel. In India demand of diesel fuel in Industry and Transportation sector. To resolve all the above problems, researchers, scientists were produced biodiesel from first, second and third generation biodiesel sources. Among all the sources Algae was the most Oil rich sources. The byproducts in algae to biodiesel conversion process are most valuable than other. In the present work author tried to work in a new approach, i.e. the mixed culture algae particles are emulsified in pure Coconut biodiesel fuel by using TritonX-100 as a surfactant to prepare an emulsified fuel. This fuel sample was applied to DI CI engine to improve performance, emission characteristics. The experimental results were shown that there is the improvement in diesel engine performance; emission characteristics especially break thermal efficiency and NOx emission reduction than diesel fuel due to its clean combustion.

Abstract: Direct use of vegetable oil as a fuel on compression ignition engine has been described as impossible, because of its high viscosity and density. Transesterification process and other methods have been identified as ways of reducing these two properties. The high cost of virgin vegetable oils and its competition for food have made the biodiesel unable to compete with fossil diesel and also hike its cost. In order to solve these menaces, in this study, waste frying oil was used as a feedstock for production of biodiesel via transesterification using anthill-eggshell promoted Ni-Co mixed oxides (NiCoAE) as heterogeneous catalyst. The composite catalyst was prepared via incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method and thermally treated at 1000 °C for 4 h. The developed catalyst was characterized using FTIR and SEM techniques. The biodiesel produced under the favourable reaction conditions was blended with petroleum diesel in three different proportions (B20, B50 and B80) and were tested on diesel engine to evaluate their performance and emission characteristics. The blended fuel containing 20% by volume biodiesel (B20) emitted lowest percentage of CO and CO₂. The result obtained herein indicates that the mixture of biodiesel and petroleum diesel containing 20% biodiesel (B20) emitted less carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), thus, indicating best dual fuel combination, which can be used in diesel engines without any adjustment or modification in the engines. This result is in agreement with the findings reported in the literature and Energy Policy Act (EPA) of 1992.

Abstract: The solution of poly [(9,9-di-n-octylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-(benzo [2,1,3] thiadiazol-4,8-diyl)] (F8BT) F8BT/TiO₂ nanocomposites were prepared using solution blending methods. The TiO₂ contents were fixed between 0 wt% - 35 wt%. Then, the solutions were spin coated at 1000 rpm for 30 s onto glass substrates to form thin film samples. The optical properties of the nanocomposites were determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The absorption properties of the thin film increased due to existence of intermediate energy band which lead to higher space charge regions for electron insertion. Besides that, the λ_max for absorption and emission spectrum were systematically shifted due to incorporation of TiO₂ NPs indicating an interaction between nanoparticles and polymer matrix. Furthermore, the intensity of the emission spectrum were enhanced in the presence of TiO₂ NPs. This is due to the existence of TiO₂ NPs which trapped more electrons at the interface F8BT/TiO₂, resulted production of higher number of exciton formation in the nanocomposirte samples.

Abstract: In order to reduce the need of petroleum fuels, the prospect of finding the alternative fuel is a primary goal. This work deals with the cause of mustard oil as a possible alternative. The physical and chemical properties of mustard oil are investigated. Using the gas chromatography, the composition of mustard oil is checked. Transesterification process is used for converting the mustard oil into biodiesel. Biodiesel thus formed is converted into bio fuel by the addition of an oxygenated additive (methanol). The current experiment is performed by varying the compression ratio by 16, 17 and 18 using bio fuel which comprises of 80% of mustard oil biodiesel and 20% of methanol in the diesel engine. Emission aspects of bio fuel are investigated. From this experiment it is observed that, by increasing the compression ratio CO and smoke emissions were slightly reduced, whereas HC emission is significantly reduced. However, the emissions of NOx were found to be on higher side.

Abstract: In this study, the outcome of adding n-butyl alcohol to jatropha methyl ester on the emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines is investigated. Single cylinder diesel engine was fuelled with n-butyl alcohol / jatropha methyl ester blends. The doping volume of n-butyl alcohol to jatropha methyl ester blends was in the range of 10, 20 and 30%. Emission parameters such as Hydro carbon (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and Smoke emissions were examined at different load conditions. The engine speed was maintained constant throughout the trail. This work resulted in a significant reduction in reduction in all the emissions. Addition of n-butyl alcohol as additive improves the rate of combustion, mixing and vaporization of the blends with air and reduces the emissions associated with it. Further, it can be used in the existing engine with any modification. This also results that the addition of n-butyl alcohol to jatropha methyl ester reduces the emissions associated with it. Further, no damage to engine components was observed during the trail.

Abstract: This paper reports neodymium doped bismuth borosilicate glasses in composition (40-x)B₂O₃-40Bi₂O₃-20SiO₂-xNd₂O₃ where x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mol%, have been prepared by melt quenching technique and are characterized through physical properties structural properties, optical absorption spectra and emission spectra measurements. The density is found to increase with the increase in concentration of Nd₂O₃. The molar volumes of glass decrease where concentration of Nd₂O₃ where concentration of Nd₂O₃ is 0-0.5 mol% and beyond 0.5 mol% that molar volumes were increased. The absorption spectra of Nd³⁺-doped glass centered at 512 nm (⁴I_9/2→²K_13/2+⁴G_9/2), 526 nm (⁴I_9/2→⁴G_7/2), 584 nm (⁴I_9/2→⁴G_5/2+²G_7/2), 625 nm (⁴I_9/2→²H_11/2), 681 nm (⁴I_9/2→⁴F_9/2), 747 nm (⁴I_9/2→⁴F_7/2+⁴S_3/2), 804 nm (⁴I_9/2→⁴F_5/2+²H_9/2) and 877 nm (⁴I_9/2→⁴F_3/2) have been observed. The emission spectra of glass were also investigated.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to develop soda lime borate (SLB) doped with Dy³⁺ glass and investigate their optical and luminescence properties, for different applications in photonics and optoelectronics. The glass were melt by conventional melt quenching technique. Optical properties have been determined by measuring their absorption spectra and luminescence properties were studied by photo luminescence spectra. From optical absorption measurements, there are ten peaks with transition ⁶H_15/2 to ⁶F_11/2 + ⁶H_9/2 at 1262 nm has higher spectral intensity and is a hypersensitive transition. As a result of 350 nm excitation the photoluminescence spectra have four peaks. Higher luminescence intensity peak was observed for 0.5 mol% Dy³⁺ doped SLB glass at ⁴F_9/2 to ⁶H_13/2 (575 nm). Hence it is suggest from the chromaticity results that SLB glasses with different Dy₂O₃ concentration may be a promising glass for white LED under 350 nm excitation wavelength. Further investigation is under way for the optimization of different dopend concentration in the SLB glass.

Abstract: This paper reports on the results concerning optical absorption and luminescence properties of 25Gd₂O₃-10CaO-10SiO₂-(55-x) B₂O₃-xPr₂O₃ (where x is 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mol %) have been synthesized by melting and quenching process. The locations of the absorption peak observed are investigated for the first time. It is shown that the f-f transitions in the studied glasses are allowed by distortions of Pr³⁺ ions. Seven absorption bands corresponding to the ³H₄ → ³P₂, ¹I₆+³P₁, ¹D₂, ¹G₄, ³F₄, ³F₃ and ³F_2, respectively absorption bands peaked at 459,483,575,1011,1418,1513 and 1931 nm. The luminescence intensity of Pr³⁺ doped glass under excited at 459 and 483 nm, the emission band under excited at 459 nm wavelengths emission centered at 542 nm (³P₀→³H₅), 602 nm (¹D₂→³H₄), 646 nm (³P₀→³F₂) and 689 nm (¹D₂→³H₅) .The emission bands with 483 nm excitation wavelength, the emission band centered at 532 nm (³P₁→³H₅), 602 nm (¹D₂→³H₄), 646 nm (³P₀→³F₂) and 725 nm (³P₀→³F₄), respectively. The present paper brings out the results pertaining to the studies carried out on different structural and optical absorption in UV-VIS-NIR region are also measured and discussed in term of energy levels, energy band gap and emission spectra of Pr³⁺ ions doped in Gd₂O₃-CaO-SiO₂-B₂O₃ glasses.