Papers by Keyword: Emulsifier

Abstract: Monoglycerides (MAG) and Diglycerides (DAG) have wide applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Despite the economic competitiveness of producing this type of emulsifier from vegetable oils, the increasing demand for products with high nutritional value makes certain types of healthy oils such as rice bran oil (RBO) a potential raw material for high quality fats to serve this growing market. However, the high free fatty acids (FFA) and RBO content which is insoluble in acetone make it difficult to process and is categorized as a low-quality oil, causing RBO to be only used as biodiesel feedstock. Enzymatic catalytic route for glycerolysis of vegetable oil offers milder operating conditions and higher product selectivity (MAG) but it has high production costs and long processing time. In this study, biodegradable catalysts were used, namely deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on phosponium and choline chloride for glycerolysis of dewaxed/degummed RBO (DDRBO) assisted with microwave irradiation. Effects of different types of DES catalysts (phosphonium and choline chloride based DES) on DES-catalyzed glycerolysis of low quality oil will be evaluated using 5%wt of DES, 300 W(150°C) for about 15 minutes. Out of the four DESs used, DES [TBAB][PTSAM] and DES [ChCl][AcAd] both showed outstanding catalytic performance. Especially [ChCl][AcAd] as a reaction catalyst for DDRBO glycerolysis showed the best catalytic activity, and high selectivity for the formation of monoglycerides (MG). Meanwhile [TBAB][PTSAM] showed high selectivity (92.57%) for diglyceride (DG) formation.

Abstract: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/Shellac-based Composite (HPMC/Sh composite) is produced from oil/water emulsion. The emulsifiers are necessarily used to stabilize and enhance the dispersion of this emulsion. This study conducted the experiments to evaluate effects of saturated fatty acids of lauric acid (LA), stearic acid (SA) and unsaturated fatty acid of oleic acid (OA) to the sensory, mechanical properties and microstructure of the HPMC/Sh emulsion. In which, the saturated fatty acids were used in mixtures with the ratios of shellac : emulsifier at 20 : 1, 10 : 1, and 5 : 1. On the other hand, the unsaturated fatty acid was used in mixtures with the ratio of shellac : emulsifier at 1 : 5, 1 : 10, and 1 : 20. The emulsifiers increased the dispersion and effective interaction of the polymers causing the emulsion formation become more stable and finer particle size. In addition, the films had smooth surfaces without unfractured, flexible and elastic.

Abstract: The fabrication of oil/water (O/W) emulsions in order to prepare the spray-dried encapsulated bioactive ostrich oil emulsions can be useful for increasing stability of commercial products. In this study, O/W emulsions were stabilized with mixed emulsifiers (Span and Tween) or soy lecithin. The effects of emulsifiers on the physical properties of emulsions containing ostrich oil were investigated. Results showed that the addition of a mixture of Span and Tween emulsifiers at concentrations between 5 and 15% w/w reduced the droplet size of the emulsions but did not decrease the zeta potential in the emulsion system. The smallest droplet size of 5.01±0.43 μm was obtained from the emulsion containing 15% w/w mixture of Span 20 and Tween 80. The zeta potential values of all emulsions containing a mixture of Span and Tween emulsifiers in the concentration range of 5 to 20% w/w were between-23 and-55 mV. In addition, the viscosity of these emulsions increased with increases in the concentrations of both emulsifiers. The stable 20% w/w ostrich oil emulsion stabilized with 15% w/w Span 20/Tween 80 presented viscosity equal to 69.56±1.82 cP. For 10% w/w ostrich oil emulsions stabilized with lecithin, the droplet size and zeta potential of the emulsions tended to decrease with increasing lecithin concentrations. An emulsion containing 10% w/w lecithin exhibited the smallest droplet size (3.93±0.11 μm). The zeta potential values of all emulsions composed of 1-15% w/w lecithin were between-33 and –66 mV and the viscosity of these emulsions increased with increases in the concentrations of lecithin. The stable 10% w/w ostrich oil emulsion stabilized with 10% w/w lecithin exhibited a high viscosity of 172.50±1.01cP. In summary, 10% w/w lecithin provides better emulsion stability than 15% w/w Span 20/Tween 80. These results therefore reveal important parameters for the fabrication of stable O/W emulsions containing ostrich oil.

Abstract: In work need of detailed studying of a water phase of a bituminous emulsion about concentration of emulsifier in its structure, and also compatibility with the concrete mineral material used in production is proved. It is offered to bring improvements in a technique of development of a compounding of the bituminous emulsion at a stage of studying and selection of a water phase. Found that in the manufacturer's recommended ranges there is no effective emulsifier concentration having a sinusoidal dependence. Samples of bituminous emulsions prepared using an emulsifier in the range of effective concentrations obtained depending confirmed. As objects of research in work emulsifiers of one of leading producers were used AkzoNobel: RedicoteE-11 и RedicoteEМ-44.

Abstract: A novel cationic type asphalt emulsifier of 2-triethylenetetramine methylene-4-nonylphenol was synthesized by the reaction of nonyl phenol, triethylenetetramine and formaldehyde. The optimum reaction condition was obtained. The yield reaches 49.21% at the optimum reaction condition of the feedstock mole ratio of formaldehyde to nonyl phenol 2.8, feedstock mole ratio of triethylenetetramine to nonyl phenol 1.0, reaction temperature 95°C, and reaction time 5 h. The structure of the emulsifier was identified by FTIR. The emulsifier exhibits satisfactory emulsification. The emulsifier belongs to the class of rapid-set asphalt emulsifiers.

Abstract: A novel cationic asphalt emulsifier of N-(3-polyoxyethylene nonyl phenyl ether (10)-2-hydroxyl) propyl-N,N,N-triethyl ammonium chloride was synthesized by nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (NP-10), epichlorohydrin and triethylamine. The optimum reaction condition was obtained. The yield reaches 48.72% at the optimum conditions of the feedstock mole ratio of NaOH to NP-10 1.0, the mole ratio of epichlorohydrin to NP-10 1.2, the mole ratio of triethylamine to NP-10 1.2, reaction temperature 70°C, and reaction time 8 h. The structure of the emulsifier was identified by FTIR. The synthesis process was monitored by online FTIR technique and the intermediate was detected. Based upon the experimental data, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed for the reaction. The emulsifier belongs to slow-set asphalt emulsifier.

Abstract: This article from the permeability condition, half-rigid base type, material requirements, penetrating agent and emulsifier choice, permeation resistance, etc., through the analysis of the factors affecting the permeability of permeable layer of emulsified asphalt, and guided by the factors above, we developed and prepared a new high permeability permeate layer emulsification asphalt, the tests showed that it has good permeability.

Abstract: A novel cationic asphalt emulsifier of tetraethylenepentamine/formaldehyde modified lignin amine was synthesized by alkali lignin, tetraethylenepentamine and formaldehyde. The optimum reaction condition was obtained. The structure of the emulsifier was identified by FTIR. The synthesis process was monitored by online FTIR technique. Based upon the experimental data, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed for the reaction. The target product has good surface activity and satisfactory emulsification effect. The prepared bituminous emulsion showed higher storage stability. The emulsifier belongs to slow-set asphalt emulsifier.

Abstract: Water plugging by emulsified viscous oil s a kind of advanced technology with high selectivity, which causes little damage to reservoir and brings high economic benefit for oil wells. Through a series of simulation experiments in the laboratory, the effects of temperature, water ratio, salinity, the emulsifier concentration, the viscosity of crude oil on the emulsion viscosity is studied, also long-term stability of emulsion. The following analysis of the experimental data makes the main factor affecting water plugging by emulsified heavy oil clear. By the Indoor core simulation experiment, this paper determines changes of pressure, recovery and breakthrough pressure and studies injection capacity of emulsified crude oil and sealing performance to ensure reasonable injection parameters.

Abstract: Silicon oil emulsion was prepared by mixing silicon oil with emulsifiers and water. To optimize the emulsifiers formulation, the D-optimal mixture design (DMD) in Design-Expert software was used to design the emulsifiers formulation. E-1304, AEO-3, SG-6and OP-10 were used as emulsifiers. According to the mixture design matrix given by Design Expert 8.0.5, 20 samples of silicon oil emulsion were prepared, and their stabilities were investigated. Through the establishment of the regression model, the analysis of the interaction among the variables and operating the optimization functions of the mixture design software, an optimized emulsifier formulation was given, and with which a silicon oil emulsion with high solid content (56%) and good stability was prepared.