Papers by Keyword: Encapsulation

Abstract: A mild, solvent-free method for the encapsulation of curcumin in chitosan–carrageenan nanoparticles was developed by introducing curcumin after polyelectrolyte complex formation but before crosslinking with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). This approach was carried out to promote effective encapsulation without interfering with the electrostatic interactions essential for nanoparticle formation. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions among curcumin, chitosan, and carrageenan. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed an increase in nanoparticle size upon curcumin loading, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provided morphological evidence supporting encapsulation within the nanoparticle matrix. These results confirm the successful encapsulation of curcumin into chitosan–carrageenan nanoparticles using a strategy that preserves nanoparticle integrity while minimizing curcumin loss. The resulting system presents a promising, eco-friendly platform for curcumin delivery with broad potential in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, packaging, and food-related applications.

Abstract: Cassava peels (CP) are agricultural-industrial co-products, better means of generating wealth that have recently attracted the attention and efforts of scientists due to their vitality in achieving a higher standard of living in a variety of industrial applications and human health care. Hence, an urgent demand for low-cost, non-toxic nanostructure material that can host, deliver, and transmit light with improved optical properties. In this work, β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs) was produced from cassava starch using US132 Cyclodextrins glucanotransferase enzyme (CGTase), converting it to cyclic oligosaccharides using experimental designs. The β-CDs produced by US132 CGTase are subsequently refined to a high level (67.26 g L-1) and homogenized using an eco-friendly, straightforward crystallization process that yielded a 40% purification yield. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was effectively synthesized from Kahaya senegalenses plant, as a natural reducing agent. The Uv-visible and SEM evaluations revealed the plasmon resonance bands and spherical cap-shaped morphology of the developed hybridized β-CDs/AuNPs. However, the functional groups contained in the developed nanohybrids were validated by the FT-IR analysis. The size and crystallinity of the developed sample was found within the nano range as deduced from XRD and TEM (20-20 nm) analysis. The successful formation the developed nanostructured β-CDs/AuNPs was confirmed employing Uv-Visible, XRD, FT-R and SEM analysis. Therefore, the developed nanostructured β-CDs/AuNPs displayed significant and noticeable advantages which can withstand present drifts, due to its environmental friendliness, biocompatibility and encapsulating effect.

Abstract: In our research, we demonstrate an innovative process for preserving polyphenolic compounds in a selected plant extract through a modified encapsulation technique. This can enhance preservation strategies and unlock potential industrial applications. The polyphenolic contents of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) were extracted using the reflux extraction method using distilled water as a solvent. The flower-to-solvent ratio was 1:20 w/v. The total phenolic contents of C. ternatea extract were evaluated. To keep the stability of the phenolic contents in C. ternatea extract, the encapsulates of extract were performed using different combinations of wall material. In preparation for encapsulation, sodium alginate was used as the main wall material, which cooperated with other wall materials including gum arabic, maltodextrin, and casein sodium salt. The encapsulation which was performed using 3.0% w/v of sodium alginate mixed with 1.0% w/v of gum arabic, and C. ternatea extract in 5.0% w/v of CaCl₂ solution provided a smooth surface and spherical shape of the particles. However, the optimized condition of encapsulation of C. ternatea extract using the combinations of wall materials which reveal thermal stability and degradation of polyphenolics was performed using 3.0% w/v of sodium alginate mixed with 1.0% w/v of casein sodium salt, and C. ternatea extract in 5.0% w/v of CaCl₂ solution. This condition exhibited the highest thermal stability at 205°C and offered the lowest polyphenol contents degradation at 2.76±0.52 gallic acid equivalents/100 mg dried bead. The average particle sizes of encapsulates using the three conditions of 3.0% w/v of sodium alginate mixed with 1.0% w/v of casein sodium salt, gum arabic, and maltodextrin were 1247, 977, and 1210 µm in diameter, respectively. This method would be an alternative way to prevent polyphenolic compound degradation and boost shelf life at high temperatures in many potential applications.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a delivery system for polyphenols from an extract of Carissa spinarum leaves, based on liposomes. Liposomes loaded with Carissa spinarum polyphenols (nanoliposomal CsP) were prepared by ethanol-solvent injection method and characterized in terms of zeta potential, size, and polydipersity index by using Zeta sizer and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum analysis. Total Phenolic content was measured by using Folin-Ciocalteu method and entrapment efficiency was evaluated. The release behavior was conducted in Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) solution at pH, 7.4 and Kinetic model fitted to evaluate mechanism of release. Disc diffusion sensitivity test was used to evaluate antimicrobial activity of free extract and nanoliposomal CsP. The mean diameter of nanoliposomal CsP was 181 ± 1.02 nm and had 0.345 ± 0.014 polydipersity index. Zeta potential value for nanoliposomal CsP was-45.6 ± 8.84 mV. Entrapment efficiency under the optimum conditions was 66.11 ± 1.11%. and the nanoliposomal CsP was stable over 30 days. The antibacterial activity of nanoliposomal CsP exhibited inhibition zone diameter of 14.33 ± 1.53 mm and 12.00 ± 1.23 mm against S. aureus and E. coli respectively The results reveal the Carrisa spinarum liposome can be applied as potential carrier for delivery of polyphenols to improves therapeutic action against bacterial strain.

Abstract: Tooth cavity is one of the most common dental health problems in Indonesia that can be treated by applying dental fillings. However, dental fillings often experience microcrack and secondary caries. Self-Healing Dental Materials (SHDM) which use microencapsulation technique as healing system, are developed to solve this problem. In this work, we employed mesoporous biosilica from Cyclotella striata TBI as microcapsule to entrap healing liquid contains polyacrylic acid and polybasic carboxylic acid. SHDM was prepared by mixing Filtek Z350XT flowable composite with fluoroaluminosilicate healing powder and healing liquid encapsulated in biosilica. We also added silica containing cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB@PSN) filler as antibacterial agent. Six groups of tested samples were prepared with various composition of biosilica and CTAB@PSN. Filtek composite was used as a control. We studied the entrapment of helaing liquid in biosilica and effect of biosilica addition towards mechanical properties of the resulting SHDM. The statistical analysis was determined using ANOVA. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infra-Red showed that the microencapsulation of healing liquid in biosilica was successful with immersion method without stirring. Addition of biosilica and CTAB@PSN fillers into the Filtek composites resulted in the decrease of the mechanical properties. The hardness values of the resulting composites were in the range 44.33–53.25 VHN. Nevertheless, the hardness values were still comparable to the hardness of dentin. Addition of filler decreased the compressive strength, but statistically insignificant, from 268.68 MPa to 228.53–252.04 MPa. To conclude, healing liquid can be entrapped in porous biosilica. Adding healing agent affects SHDM composite’s hardness but not its compressive strength.

Abstract: Encapsulation is one of the immobilization methods to increase the stability of the enzyme or other biomolecules by binding or trapping the molecules in a certain matrix. Silica gel was mostly chosen as a matrix to encapsulate the enzyme due to its high thermal stability. In this research, silica gel was used to encapsulate of lipase enzyme. Silica gel was synthesized from sodium silicate by the sol-gel technique. Silica from rice husk ash was extracted using 2 M NaOH to produce a sodium silicate solution. The silica gel was synthesized using the acidification of sodium silicate solution. The various mass and volume ratios of the enzyme and sodium silicate solution were 1:1; 1:2, and 2:1 (w/v). The amount of encapsulated enzyme was analyzed with UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 540 nm after complexing with biuret. The encapsulated enzyme activity test was carried out for the transesterification reaction of palm oil under various conditions. Fatty Acid Methyl Esther (FAME) analysis and surface analysis of the encapsulated enzyme was performed using GC-MS and SEM-EDX, respectively. The results showed that the lipase enzyme could be well encapsulated in silica gel after aging for eight days, at a lipase and sodium silicate ratio of 1:2 (w/v) with a percentage of 93.72%, and there were still 85.76% encapsulated lipase even after being washed seven times. The transesterification reaction resulted in the highest conversion of oil to FAME (33.87%) at a mole ratio of 1:3 oil: methanol and a lipase mass of 0.5 g.

Abstract: Along with the increase in watermelon production, the amount of watermelon rind waste increased. The total mass of fruit rind in a watermelon reaches around 30 percent and this fruit rind can increase the quantity of organic waste in Indonesia. The outer portion of the watermelon rind has a green layer containing a large amount of anthocyanin and a white layer containing flavonoids. In this study, the extract of watermelon rind containing anthocyanins and flavonoids was protected from damaging conditions using the ionic gelation encapsulation method. Chitosan (CN) was used as a natural polymer in this encapsulation method and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) was used as an ionic crosslinking agent. The total of flavonols content (TF), microstructure test, in vitro releasing test, and shelf life of microcapsules were observed in the various ratio between watermelon rind and the solvent. From the process, can be concluded that higher watermelon skin levels will produce the most flavonoid microcapsules (70g/35 mL). At 70g/35 mL or 2:1 g/mL watermelon skin levels give the best flavonoid release test results, especially if it will be applied to the pharmaceutical industry, which follows a controlled release method.

Abstract: Osmotic dehydration is an effective pretreatment method for preservation of herb, fruits and vegetables. This method can be conducted at low temperature so it can maintain the nutritional composition and food quality. In the present study, the effect of osmotic dehydration in 50, 60 and 70o Brix sugar solution at 40oC syrup temperature and drying air temperature (50, 60, 70 oC) on drying behavior of sample (adlay and black sesame seeds) were investigated before drying the sample and determined the percentage yield and total phenolic contents. All results from osmotic dehydration were compared with the soxhlet and maceration extraction methods. Among the three concentration of osmotic agents and drying temperature, percentage yield and total phenolic contents were higher at 70% concentration of osmotic agents and 60 oC air temperature which exhibited the total phenolic contents at 11.29±1.13 mg GAE/g extract and percentage yield of 4.36±0.34, respectively. From this osmotic dehydration, the surface morphologies of prepared bead containing sample had higher degree of surface smoothness and more spherical shape than non-sample bead and exhibited the encapsulation efficiency of micro-bead sample at 80.52 ± 0.36%.

Abstract: A carboxymethylcellulose-based encapsulant system for the controlled release of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilizer was synthesized using alginate as a stabilizer, and citric acid as a crosslinking agent. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and scanning electron microscopy showed successful crosslinking, sufficient particle size and colloidal stability, as well as the topography of the formed particles. Fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed successful encapsulation of a model system, 8-anilino-1-napthalenesulfonic acid. Release behavior studies under various pH conditions showed that CMC/Alg NPK conformed to the standards of controlled release fertilizer with a maximum release rate of 50% over the span of 30 days.

Abstract: In this investigation, ternary Ag-alloy wires were doped with different Pd and Au concentrations, and each wire was encapsulated in an LED package. The static and dynamic reliability were tested, and the lumen maintenance performance was examined. The static reliability tests included the sulfur test, LTSL, HTSL, and WHTSL. According to the sulfur test data, higher Pd and Au contents led to better lumen maintenance. Furthermore, the bonding wire of the LED with better lumen maintenance in the sulfur test had higher electrical resistance. The brightness decay rate of the white light LEDs was low in low-and high-temperature environments, but it was significantly higher after the WHTSL test. The dynamic reliability test after 1,000 hours of HTOL and WHTOL showed that the lumen maintenance improved with higher Pd and Au contents, indicating that doping Ag-alloy wires with sufficient amounts of Pd and Au can retard degradation due to thermal and humidity aging and oxidation reaction. Therefore, ternary Ag-Pd-Au alloy wires produced with specific drawing and annealing processes are suitable for application to mid-power white light LEDs.