Papers by Keyword: Enzyme

Abstract: Immobilized enzymes have higher resistance to environmental changes and can be easily obtained/re-recovered/reusable compared with their free form after use in the biocatalysis process. The main benefit of immobilization is that it protects the enzyme from harsh environmental conditions (e.g. high temperatures, extreme pH values, etc.). However, the enzyme immobilization process is not easy and cheap. Most cellulases used in Indonesia are single-use enzymes and are unstable. This causes the use of cellulase on an industrial scale to be expensive and difficult to store for a long time. Therefore, a solution is needed to mobilize cellulase with a simple and inexpensive process, namely by utilizing activated carbon from the shell of a Calophyllum inophyllum seed. This study aimed to investigate the potential of activated carbon made from C. inophyllum shell as an immobilizer for the production of cellulase. An optimal, easy, and simple enzyme immobilization method is required to ensure sufficient cellulase quality and quantity for industrial scale. In general, the four stages of research were as follows: a) the synthesis of activated carbon made from C. inophyllum shell; b) cellular immobilization synthesis; c) stability test of immobilized cellulase against pH and temperature; and d) reusability analysis of immobilized enzymes. This study examined the effect of carbon particle size (60 and 100 mesh) and concentration of ZnCl₂ activator (1, 2, and 3 M). The results indicate that the optimal manufacturing of C. inophyllum shell activated carbon is by using a size of 100 Mesh with a concentration of ZnCl₂ activator of 2 M, which has an enzyme activity in the range of ±0.25 units/mL, and the immobilized cellulase remains effective for up to 5 reuse cycles.

Abstract: Peptones are protein hydrolysis products consisting of a mixture of free amino acids, oligopeptides, and other fragmented protein components easily digestible by microorganisms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of crude ficin enzyme on the characteristics of peptones derived from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) dark meat and their potential application in microbial growth. Crude ficin enzyme concentrations used to produce peptones from yellowfin tuna dark meat were 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%. The results showed that using crude ficin enzyme impacted the characteristics of peptones from yellowfin tuna dark meat, including protein content, amino nitrogen, degree of hydrolysis, and optical density. The research findings revealed protein content of 16.20%-32.51%, amino nitrogen of 2.74%-6.53%, hydrolysis degree of 28.37%-39.16%, and optical density value of 0.342-0.574. The optimal concentration of crude ficin enzyme, based on the results obtained in this study, 0.2% crude ficin enzyme was used for producing peptone from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) dark meat. .

Abstract: The study was done to determine the effect of Tacca starch loading on production of amylolytic enzyme from Ragi Tapai. In this study, Ragi Tapai was used as a starter to produce amylolytic enzyme. The fermentation was done in a solid state fermentation with the presence of Tacca leontopetaloides starch as the carbon source. The analysis of total sugar was conducted using DNS method and amylolytic enzyme was determined using Lowry method. The mixture was fermented and incubated for 24, 48, 72 and 96h. The result revealed that the optimum production of amylase was found at 48 h of incubation with amylase activity of 1.91 U/ml/min and 1.42 mg/ml for total protein. The study shows that increment amount of the Tacca starch in cultivation medium, increase the production of the amylase and total protein content. The highest enzyme activity was obtained at 4% of Tacca starch loading with amylase activity and total protein content of 2.14 U/ml/min and 1.42 mg/ml respectively. The study indicated that growth promoters in Tacca starch capable to enhance the activity of microbial consortium in Ragi Tapai for production of the amylolytic enzyme.

Abstract: This research addresses the challenges of sustainable use of natural polymers, including in technical fields. One of the leading trends in science and industry headway today lies in designing advanced functional materials, e.g. for manufacturing medical items, technical devices, food-processing tools et al. For this purpose, universally applicable technological processes are being developed, including in biotechnology. One of the main goals of this research is to explore ways to consolidate living systems, by instilling in them desirable physical and chemical properties so as to diversify their applications, including in technical fields. Polymers structure and properties have been investigated via raster electron microscopy, spectral analysis, et al.

Abstract: The mechanical stability time (MST) of latex is an important parameter indicating the colloidal stability of concentrated natural rubber latex (CNRL). This stability is crucial for the transport and storage of CNRL before the product forming processes. A popular method to increase the MST of CNRL in Thailand is by adding laureth soap or other surfactants. Nevertheless, the laureth soap provides a steady but slow increase in the MST without reaching a stable value after 30 days. At the same time, the phospholipids on the surfaces of natural rubber latex particles will naturally undergo hydrolysis reaction leading to even higher MST. For long storage, too high MST leads to coagulation problem in the product-forming step. Therefore, alternative methods were studied in this research to expedite phospholipid hydrolysis, which results in the increase in MST for CNRL without causing problems from excessive negative ions in the product-forming process. The alternative methods including heating in the presence of metal chips and the use of enzyme lipase were compared to the popular laurate soap addition method. It was found that lipase addition was the most effective method to expedite the hydrolysis of phospholipids to reach the standard MST value within 3 days, and reach a plateau within 10 days.

Abstract: Clean and safe water crises have become one of the major global problems for decades. To address this issue, various water purification technologies have been adopted. Conventional water purification technologies are time consuming, expensive, and have low affinity and efficiency to newly emerging micropollutants in water. The paradigm might compel scientific community to spot light on the issue and develop novel technology for ensuring clean and safe water availability to all. Among the many promises of current water purification technologies, here we proposed a combination of nanomaterial (Carbon nanotube) and biomolecule (Enzyme) or simply “nanobiohybrid” catalyst, which can be a judicious choice for developing a novel water purification technology. In addition, the potentiality of this nanobiohybrid catalyst in both sensing and mitigating organic water pollutants has been highlighted. The technology is a perfect example of multi-scale development and covers most of the challenges of existing water purification technology. We hope this “one pot” combination route can tackle a diverse range of water contaminants in the near future.

Abstract: The goal of reducing wool processing effluent is important due to increasing environmental restrictions on chemicals with potential to pollute the environment. Two enzyme-based depilation formulae were trialled on sheepskins alongside the more polluting lime sulphide currently used by the leather industry. Wool, yarn, fabric and leather properties were evaluated, showing no significant differences between the methods, except a beneficial increase in fabric pilling resistance where enzyme-depilated wool was used. The enzyme approach is therefore a viable alternative in sheepskin depilation, with a lower environmental impact than traditional methods.

Abstract: Novel hybrids, comprised of a biologically active protein molecule core, coated with a thin outer layer of porous metallic silver, were developed in our lab. By the conjugation of silver reducing polymer to the surface of soluble, molecular, biologically active protein molecules and subsequent addition of silver salt, electroless silver deposition, culminating in thin porous metallic coating, was directed to the surface of the protein molecules. The silver-protein hybrids thus obtained, presenting novel nanoparticles several nanometers in size, retained their solubility and biological activity.The silver coating combined with the retained biological activity of its protein core, paved the way to a series of biomedical applications of these hybrids including "wiring" of the active site of oxido-reductase enzyme to electrodes, imaging of the presence of targeted ligands displayed on cancer cell surface and antimicrobial enzymatically attenuated release of silver ions.In this presentation we shall overview the technology of protein-silver hybrid's fabrication and analytical applications of silver-glucose oxidase and silver-Avidin hybrids, followed by feasibility demonstration of using silver-glucose oxidase hybrid as novel antibacterial and antifungal agent.

Abstract: In order to know the key factors of callus development on single cell clone, characteristics of physiology and biochemistry and morphological structure on two types of Alfalfa callus was studied. The results showed that the cell membrane permeability and malondialdehyde content was same on two types of callus; but, their soluble sugar content and peroxidase activity in cells was larger different, the soluble sugar content: soft callus > huge callus, and soft callus was 2.09 times of huge callus; peroxidase activity: huge callus > soft callus, and huge callus was 1.35 times of soft callus. Huge callus cells were larger, loosely arranged, cell vacuolization and cytoplasm was thinner than soft callus. However, soft callus cells were smaller, loosely arranged, cell vacuoles was smaller and cytoplasm was thicker than hug callus. Huge cells had the same membrane metabolic with soft cells, but soft cells had higher sugar accumulation than huge cells, and soft cells metabolism are vigorous, while huge cells are more aging.

Abstract: Toxaphene is an organochlorine insecticide, widely used in cereals, vegetables, fruits, tea and other pests. However, in killing pests, increasing agricultural production, while toxaphene aquatic creatures threat. In order to enrich aquatic organisms toxicological data, evaluate the risk to aquatic organisms toxaphene healthy growth, we use the traditional toxicological approach to study the toxic effects of toxaphene goldfish (Carassius auratus)'s. Study 5 toxaphene concentration 7d goldfish exposed catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), acetylcholinesterase (TChE), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), malondialdehyde (MDA) effects, the results showed that: toxaphene in 0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4, 0.5 μg / L in five concentrations, these five enzymes promoting effect, with more toxaphene concentration high, goldfish liver CAT activity is stronger, the stronger the brain and liver SOD activity, the activity of the brain TChE weaker, the stronger the brain activity of GSH-PX, and the contrast with the blank, P <0.01, illustrate the five enzymes do toxaphene toxicity testing of biomarkers.