Papers by Keyword: Epoxidation

Abstract: This research aimed to investigate the possibility of synthesizing a bio-based plasticizer from waste cooking oil using an epoxidation reaction to replace dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in PVC film, which is toxic and hazardous to human health and the environment. This involved synthesizing used household oil through an epoxidation reaction to introduce epoxy groups, followed by isopropyl alcohol to break the epoxy rings and form hydroxyl groups. The chemical structure of the epoxidized waste cooking oil plasticizer was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), with a focus on confirming the presence of epoxy groups within the 3,500 – 3,000 cm^-1 range. Subsequently, this bio-based plasticizer was used in various ratios to DOP to produce PVC films, including ratios of 5:0, 4:1, 3:2, 2:3, 1:4, and 0:5. These PVC films were subject to a comprehensive examination of their physical and chemical properties, including their resistance to tensile stress, elongation ability, the impact on molecular functional groups in the PVC film, and a leaching test. The results showed that the optimal proportion of epoxidized waste cooking oil plasticizer to DOP was 5:0. This ratio demonstrated superior tensile strength, enhanced elongation capacity, increased thermal stability, and exhibited the most robust resistance against solvents compared to other ratios tested.

Abstract: Tall oils are a second-generation feedstock with perspective use in polyurethane materials. This study compared crude tall oil and tall oil fatty acid bio-polyols to determine whether crude tall oil could be used for polyurethane foam production making the production more cost-effective. Polyols were synthesized in a two-step process. At first, double bond epoxidation followed by oxirane ring-opening, and transesterification with multifunctional alcohols. The epoxidation process was studied with acid value and relative conversion to oxirane analysis. The obtained polyols were analyzed for acid value, hydroxyl value, viscosity, and with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The results showed suitable hydroxyl values for almost all polyols, including crude tall oil polyols, but the high viscosity limits the use of most of the polyols.

Abstract: Epoxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in Tung oil provides a very interesting opportunity in the research and development of advanced materials. Tung oil is one of non-edible vegetable oils and epoxidized Tung oil (ETO) also provides benefits in terms of renewable and eco-friendly. This research evaluated the influences of acetic acid's molar ratio to UFA and stirring velocity in the epoxidation process of Tung oil. Epoxidation was carried out in a batch reactor using peroxyacetic acid produced in-situ with sulfuric acid as a catalyst. This reaction was run at a temperature of 60 °C and the catalyst concentration of 1.5% (w) for 4 hours, with a periodic 30-minutes sampling time interval. The samples' analyses were iodine value (IV), conversion to oxirane, selectivity, and FTIR spectrometry. The results showed that both the molar ratio of acetic acid to UFA and stirring velocity were directly proportional to the conversion to oxirane, and inversely proportional to the IV. In contrast, the two process variables did not show a definite result that can be interpreted to the selectivity (very fluctuated). The highest conversion (about 57.43%) and the lowest IV (8.3898 g I₂/100 g) were obtained at a 1:1 ratio for the reaction times of 150 and 240 minutes, respectively.

Abstract: In few recent years, it is seen that there is a rapid expansion in the area of bio based thermosetting resins sighting the reason that it has bright future. The curiosity in developing bio based products and bio based refinery processes has been strengthened due to the swift exhaustion of petroleum and also due to new environmental set of laws. The mostly used epoxy resins are by and large diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), which is petroleum based ones owing to its superior mechanical and thermal properties. But the research is in full fledge to hit upon a bio-based sustainable substitute for DGEBA. As the researches over the years have shown that, bio-epoxy derived from neither natural oil nor lignin derivatives or other bio-based aromatic resins are able to fully replace DGEBA in terms of all properties. Hence, it opens a wide window open for their blends with DGEBA. This paper will shower a light on the current progresses made in the field of bio-based epoxy monomers derived from different natural oils and its blends with DGEBA, lignin derived aromatic resins and finally a novel bio-epoxy derived from magnolol. The magnolol derived diglycidyl ether of magnolol (DGEM) was found to have comparable mechanical and thermal properties with better flame retardancy and hence could be a good contender to replace DGEBA.

Abstract: Waste cooking oils (WCOs) are widely considered in the scientific community as potential energy vector or source for bio-lubricants. This is because of the opportunity deriving from recycling and the difficulties in disposing of waste oils. Indeed, industrial plants for WCOs treatment include bio-refineries (bio-diesel, bio-lubricants, fine chemicals...) or simple recovery systems: the former ones assume triglycerides transformation into other compounds, according to the specific commercial destination; in the latter, triglycerides are preserved and the WCO is purified from by-products, formed during cooking process, in order to sell to the market. In an era scarred by CO₂ and petroleum dependency, biodegradable products, offer many advantages. In this scenario, nanostructured additives, which are pointed out as the step forward in lubricant technology, can exploit WCOs’ derivatives for compatibilization or as reactive components allowing improvements in nanolubricant fluids. This paper proposes a Cu nanoparticle-based additive, properly surface functionalized and prepared through a “wet chemistry” approach, to be involved in tribochemical reaction with epoxidized vegetable oil. The idea was to promote the formation of tribofilm under contact, exploiting energy generated during the movement.

Abstract: This study reports the epoxidation of waste rubber/zeolite (WR/Z) powder using performic acid solution and its use as potential filler for epoxy resin. WR/Z powder was produced by mechanical grinding using a bench grinder and was epoxidized in performic acid solution for 0 – 90 min of treatment time under ambient conditions. Degree of epoxidation determined by attenuated total reflectance – Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was found to increase up to 40 min treatment time where the highest number of epoxide structures was formed. At longer treatment time (> 40 min), most of the epoxide structures were opened up through hydrolysis forming ether, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. Flexural tests showed that the flexural modulus of epoxy resin was increased after incorporation of epoxidized WR/Z (EWR/Z) powder. Increased EWR/Z powder loading resulted to decreased maximum flexural stress and more brittle epoxy resin.

Abstract: Epoxidation of rubber seed oil was carried out using a peroxyacid generated in situ from glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to produce epoxidized rubber seed oil. The maximum relative conversion to oxirane of 88 % could be obtained at 60 °C after a reaction time of 7 hours. The presence of oxirane ring of epoxidized rubber seed oil was confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectra analysis which displayed a disappearance of double bonds peak in rubber seed oil and an existing of epoxide ring peak in epoxidized rubber seed oil.

Abstract: Polyol was successfully synthesized from used palm oil (UPO) via epoxidation and ring opening reaction. The mole ratio of UPO: formic acid: hydrogen peroxide was 0.3: 8: 1.5. The reaction had been continuously stirred at 400 rpm at 65°C with varied reaction time for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 4.0 h. The chemical structure of modified used palm oil (MUPO) or polyol was confirmed by ¹H-NMR. OH number of polyols increased with an increase reaction time. Moreover, the preliminary study for the preparation of MUPO-based polyurethane (PU) foam was performed. A new MUPO-based PU foam was successfully prepared and theirs foam behaviors were investigated.

Abstract: The rising demand for environmentally acceptable lubricant has led researchers to look to vegetable oils as an alternative to petroleum based lubricants. Vegetable oils have radically distinctive properties owing to their unique chemical structure which have greater ability to lubricate and have higher biodegradability. In spite of advantages, they are limited to inadequate thermo-oxidative stability and poor low-temperature properties which hinder their utilization. In the present study in order to produce a bio lubricant with good thermo-oxidative stability, rapeseed oil was subjected to two different chemical modification techniques viz., epoxidation method and successive transesterification method. The thermo-oxidative stability of formulated oil was analysed using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). TGA analysis divulges that the thermo-oxidative stability of rapeseed oil was greatly improved with the epoxidation method in comparison with the successive transesterification method.

Abstract: This work presents the research on the influence of the addition of the appropriate amounts of the inorganic salt (Na₂SO₄) on the reduction of the ineffective decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and simultaneously on the increase of the efficiency of hydrogen peroxide conversion. The studies were carried out for the epoxidation of diallyl ether to allyl-glycidyl ether with 30 wt% hydrogen peroxide on the TS-1 catalyst and in the presence of acetonitrile as the solvent. The studies were conducted in the following conditions: the temperature of 70°C, the molar ratio of diallyl ether/hydrogen peroxide = 3:1, the acetonitrile concentration of 50 wt%, the TS-1 content of 9 wt%, the reaction time of 3 hours, the intensity of stirring of 500 rpm and the molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide/Na₂SO₄ 2:1 to 14:1 (also the results for epoxidation of diallyl ether without Na₂SO₄ were presented)