Papers by Keyword: Ethanol

Abstract: The development of the palm oil industry is followed by the increased amount of lignocellulosic biomass waste. Lignocellulosic biomass waste contains cellulose and hemicellulose which are potential sources of C6 and C5 sugars. C5 or pentose can be hydrolyzed into furfural through the hydrolysis process and then dehydration reaction using the acid catalyst in various kinds of solvent. At this moment, the highest yield of furfural in the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of xylose in water resulted in only about 50.0w-%. Other methods such as salt addition or the use of various organic solvents lead to new challenges both in purification and environmental issues. Therefore in this study, 70.0w-% ethanol in water was utilized as the solvent in a range of temperatures (140-170°C) and concentration of sulfuric acid (0.1-0.5M) up to 120 minutes reaction time. As the outcomes, the shorter time was needed to achieve maximum furfural yield with the increase of temperature and acid concentration with the water and the ethanol as the solvent. Improvement was shown in the highest furfural yield achieved up to 70.0-72.0mol-% (after 15 min at 170°C, 0.2-0.5 M concentration of H₂SO₄). The results showed the potential use of ethanol as a green solvent to produce furfural from xylose.

Abstract: Oil palm processing produces more than 70-wt% of its lignocellulosic content as by-product, the bulk of which is empty fruit bunches (EFB). EFB contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin which makes it a potential source of bio-based chemicals. This research explores the utilization of ethanol as a potentially green, sustainable, and low-cost organic solvent (organosolv) for EFB fractionation. Organosolv processes target extraction of lignin (delignification). Conventional delignification use an acid hydrolysis process with lignin yields of approximately 18-wt%. In this study the EFB was treated in 2 stages, (1) soaking EFB for 1 hour followed by (2) delignification using ethanol as the organic solvent under variable process conditions. Temperature (140°C, 170°C), liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S-w/w) (6:1, 15:1), and wt%-ethanol (20-wt%, 50-wt%) were varied while residence time was constant at 30 minutes (experiments were run in duplicate). Data analysis using 2k Factorial Design Method showed the significant variables were temperature, L/S-ratio, wt%-ethanol, interaction of L/S ratio and temperature, temperature and %wt-ethanol interaction, and L/S-ratio and %wt-ethanol. The optimum operating conditions (170°C, 15:1, 20wt%-ethanol) produced a lignin yield of up to 31%wt. This preliminary study shows ethanol in an organosolv process is a potential delignification option.

Abstract: The rapid advancement in the extraction method of metallic oxide nanoparticles from agricultural waste has led to the significant use of agriculture waste in the nanotechnology industry because the use of chemical procedures in the production of metallic oxide nanoparticles produces hazardous toxic compounds that are dangerous to the ecosystem. In particular, this article examines the creation of silicon dioxide (silica) nanoparticles from agricultural waste. Environmental cleanup and wastewater purification are only two examples of the many areas where sand-sized silica particles (SNPs) have shown promising results. rural, agricultural, etc. The lack of toxicity of these particles has been demonstrated, making them an excellent tool for biomedical study. Additionally, because of the particles' ability to mobilize molecules onto their interior and external surfaces, they constitute good transporters for both biotic and non-biotic substances. In this regard, the current paper provides a thorough assessment of the sources of agricultural waste used in producing silica nanoparticles as well as the processes used to create it. The report also examines SNPs' most recent applications in a number of fields and discusses the technology's potential for the future. Keywords: Fuel additives; ethanol; brake power; Internal combustion engine; fuel

Abstract: In this study, PMS gasoline gotten from randomly selected commercial fuel stations was blended with ethanol gotten from agricultural waste and developed nanoparticles Additives (D-NA). The blended samples were analyzed for their physical properties using methods recommended by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The tests were carried out on the fuel's density, oxygenates, benzene content, research octane number (RON) and sulphur content. The results shown in the physical property tests done on these blended fuels when compared with the neat gasoline gotten from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), industry standards (DPR/SON) and global markets (United States US & United Kingdom UK) shows that the blended fuels meet all required standards and specifications. The additives had little effect on the fuel’s density but showed a sharp drop in its benzene content levels which makes it a healthier choice of fuel. Ethanol blended fuel had a higher oxygenate level than neat gasoline and the D-NA blended fuel. The research octane number for the three fuel samples showed favorably high numbers that fit the standards of the global market. The most interesting result is the Sulphur content which showed an increase in its values for the blended fuels although the values are within industrial and global limits. Keywords: PMS Fuel; physical properties; density; oxygenates; nanoadditives; ethanol

Abstract: Global demand for efficient transportation and energy dissipation in industries that use engine-powered equipment is enormous and largely supplied by liquid fuels derived from petroleum that power internal combustion engines (ICEs). Since the demand for jet fuel and diesel is anticipated to surpass gasoline consumption in the near future, low-octane gasoline components will become more widely available. As a result, low-octane gasoline components are expected to become more readily available, as demand for jet fuel and diesel is expected to outpace gasoline consumption in the near future. Experimentally, the effects of organic fuel additives (OFAs) on the performance of internal combustion engines were investigated. The findings compare plain, commercially available, neat gasoline samples to pure ethanol and fuel samples injected with OFAs. The development of various fuel blends; the analysis and characterization of fuel samples, including blended fuel samples; and the experimental investigation and comparative analysis of the engine performance powered by the various samples and blends of gasoline on the TQ TD115 MK11 testbed for single-cylinder engines were carried out in the study. The study demonstrated that the nanoadditions were superior to pure ethanol and undiluted gasoline in terms of performance. and showed that pure ethanol has a high torque value at lower speeds, but at speeds greater than 3000 rpm, D-NA outperformed ethanol additives and neat gasoline in terms of torque. At lower speeds, pure ethanol also had a high brake power value, but as speeds increased, samples containing D-NA outperformed ethanol additive and neat gasoline in brake power. Pure ethanol in a concentration of more than 3 has a high brake thermal efficiency value at lower speeds, but as speeds increased, samples containing D-NA outperformed ethanol additive and neat gasoline in terms of brake thermal efficiency. Keywords: Fuel additives; ethanol; brake power; Internal combustion engine; fuel

Abstract: Among the various nanomaterials, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) has recently attracted the attention of researchers due to its potential application in various fields such as solar cells, bio-sensors, optoelectronic devices, gas sensors, water purification, piezoelectric devices, and liquid crystal displays. The accurate knowledge of the optical and structural properties of ZnO film is important for the fabrication of high-quality devices. In this work, 0.2M ZnO thin film was prepared by the economic spin coating technique. The Swanepoel method was employed to determine the average thickness and refractive index of the film with high accuracy in the spectral region of 200-1000 nm. The transmittance spectra were utilized to determine the absorption coefficient and extinction coefficients. The bandgap (E_g) was determined using Tauc’s formula and was found to be 3.22 eV. The real and imaginary parts of the dielectric decrease sharply with the wavelength. The single oscillator model was employed to discuss the dispersion parameters. The dispersion energy (E_d) and single-oscillator energy (E_o) were found to be 7.862 eV and 6.863 eV respectively with E_o≈ 2E_g proving the validity of the Swanepoel method for ZnO film. Structural analysis revealed that the film was polycrystalline in nature with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and an average crystallite size of ~31 nm with a Zn–O bond length of 1.9435 Å. The gas sensing properties in terms of the response of the ZnO sensor towards ethanol vapour were measured in the temperature range of 100–330 °C using DC electrical resistance. The ZnO film showed the maximum response of ~7 at temperature 260 °C for 800 ppm ethanol vapour exposure which may be due to the higher reaction rate at that temperature. The response of the sensor was increased on the exposure to a higher concentration of ethanol vapour. The sample showed a faster response on exposure to higher concentrations (400-800 ppm) of ethanol with a response time of ~13 s and a good response of 3.75 for 40 ppm of ethanol vapour exposure at 260 ^oC.

Abstract: S. platensis is a microalga that contains carbohydrate composition of 30.21% which makes it potential to be used as raw material for ethanol production. Hydrolysis of S. platensis is the first step for converting its carbohydrates into monosaccharides. The second step is fermentation of monosaccharides into ethanol. This research aims to study the effect of temperature and microalgae concentration on the hydrolysis of S. platensis using sulfuric acid as catalyst. This research was conducted using 300 mL sulfuric acid of 2 mol/L, hydrolysis temperatures of 70, 80 and 90 °C, and microalgae concentrations of 20, 26.7, and 33.3 g/L. The effect of temperature is significant in the hydrolysis of S. platensis using sulfuric acid. At microalgae concentration of 20 g/L and hydrolysis time of 35 minutes, the higher the temperatures (70, 80, and 90 °C), the more the glucose yields would be (8.9, 13.5, and 22.9%). This temperature effect got stronger when the hydrolysis was running for 15 minutes. Every time the hydrolysis temperature increased by 10 °C, the glucose yield increased by 13.0% at microalgae concentration of 33.3 g/L. At temperature of 90 °C and time of 35 minutes, the higher the microalgae concentrations (20, 26.7, and 33.3 g/L), the higher the glucose yields would be (25.5, 27.7, and 28.2%). The highest glucose concentration obtained was 2.82 g/L at microalgae concentration of 33.3 g/L, temperature of 90 °C, and time of 35 minutes.

Abstract: A resistive ethanol gas sensor with a high sensitivity has been proposed. The fabricated gas sensor has a very promising response and recovery at room temperature. The proposed sensor has been fabricated by depositing sensitive nanostructured material on printed circuit board interdigitated electrodes. As the sensitive material, ZnO nanorods of high uniformity have been synthesized by hydrothermal method and then decorated by PbS nanoparticles. The synthesized decorated nanorods were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope which confirmed the formation of the desired nanostructures. The ethanol gas sensing properties of the ZnO nanorods decorated with PdS nanoparticles was measured in a test chamber. The minimum ethanol concentration detected by the sensor has been 10 ppm. The results showed the higher sensitivity of the proposed sensor to the ethanol at room temperature compared to similar works.

Abstract: Siwalan (Borassus flabellifer L.) is a palm family that is widely planted in the Tuban area of ​​East Java. Siwalan sap has a relatively high sugar content of about 10-15 g / 100 ml. The sap is obtained by tapping the inflorescences. In general, siwalan sap is used for fresh drinks or alcoholic beverages with maximum storage in 3 days. Based on the sugar content in the sap of siwalan, acetic acid products can be made through fermentation of glucose to ethanol, then the ethanol is fermented into acetic acid. Acetic acid is widely used as a preservative of food and health drinks. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of ethanol fermentation aerobic pH on acetic acid product. Anaerobic fermentation uses saccharomyces cereviceae to produce ethanol, and aerobic fermentation uses acetobacter aceti for acetic acid production. In aerobic ethanol fermentation using pH 3; 3.5; 4 and 5. The concentration of ethanol was analyzed using GC ULTRA Scientific Gas Chromatography, DSQ II detector, and MS 220 column. Acetic acid produced from the aerobic fermentation process was analyzed using an alkalimetric method. Anaerobic fermentation uses Saccharomyces cereviceae with 1-day log phase, while aerobic fermentation uses acetobacter aceti with a 5 day log phase. Aerobic fermentation to produce acetic acid was observed in 5 days to obtained maximum acetic acid concentration, the highest acetic acid concetration is about 2.595 g/l and yield of acetic acid is obtained 0.519% (b/v) at pH 5. Low acetic acid concentration due to low intitial sugar content in siwalan sap.

Abstract: Amperometric biosensors were fabricated by immobilizing alcohol oxidases (AOX) from two different sources onto glutaraldehyde (GA)-activated supports. Alcohol oxidases from Hansenula sp. and from Pichia pastoris were employed for immobilization. The biosensor with AOX from Hansenula sp. showed a linear response to ethanol in the concentration range of 0.1-0.6 mM with a sensitivity of 88.534 µA mM^-1 cm^-2 and a detection limit of 0.1 mM (S/N=3). In comparison, the biosensor with AOX from P. pastoris showed a linear response from 0.1-0.5 mM ethanol with a sensitivity of 76.886 µA mM^-1 cm^-2 and a detection limit of 0.1 mM. The study of stability of biosensors revealed that after 90 measurements, the biosensor with AOX from Hansenula sp. retained 97% of its original current response whereas the current response of the biosensor with AOX from P. pastoris decreased to 81% of its initial value. The biosensor with AOX from Hansenula sp. demonstrated slightly higher sensitivity and stability than the biosensor with AOX from P. pastoris.