Papers by Keyword: Extraction

Abstract: Essential oils are volatile bioactive compounds widely used in pharmaceuticals, food preservation, cosmetics, and aromatherapy. Conventional hydrodistillation and steam distillation remain the primary recovery methods but suffer from long extraction times, moderate yields, and thermal degradation. Mechanical and physicochemical pretreatments address these limits by disrupting secretory structures, shortening diffusion paths, and enhancing mass transfer. From a chemical engineering perspective, this review synthesizes evidence published between 2010 and 2025 on particle-size reduction, ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, steam explosion, instant controlled pressure drop, and cold pressing of citrus peels. Outcomes vary by matrix: in seeds such as celery, ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation increases yield by nearly 50% compared with conventional hydrodistillation; in citrus peels, steam explosion accelerates extraction up to eightfold but reduces composition to limonene, while cold pressing preserves thermolabile aldehydes and esters crucial for fragrance. Instant controlled pressure drop applied to hyssop and Tagetes enhances yield, accelerates kinetics, and improves antioxidant indices through microstructural expansion confirmed by microscopy. In leaves and flowers including rosemary and lavandin, ultrasound- and microwave-based methods consistently shorten cycles while maintaining comparable chemical and sensory profiles. The addition of low-cost modifiers such as sodium chloride and optimized water-to-solid ratios further improves rosemary hydrodistillation without compromising oil quality. These findings highlight trade-offs among rate, yield, and composition. Standardized reporting of particle size, moisture content, and kinetic parameters is recommended to ensure reproducibility and cross-study comparison. Mechanical pretreatments thus provide a flexible framework to optimize essential oil extraction across industrial and bioengineering applications.

Abstract: Gelatin biopolymer is well known as a food additive such as food thickener. Main sources of gelatin biopolymer are from cattle such as pig and cow. Fish bone, which is currently seen as food waste, is an alternative source of gelatin biopolymer. In Indonesia, short mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma) is one of the popular sea fish for consumption. Mackerel bone as food waste, had potential to utilize for gelatin biopolymer source. Besides for food industry, gelatin biopolymer that can be applied as a material for pharmaceutical (for drug delivery system) and biomaterial (scaffolds for bone and tissue regeneration). In this study, gelatin biopolymer is extracted from mackerel bones using a citric acid solution in the demineralization process. Citric acid is used since it is food grade. The extraction process is divided into four stages from raw material preparation, demineralization, hydrolysis, and drying. The concentration of citric acid for demineralization and demineralization (immersion) time are being optimized to obtain the optimum results for yield, water content and heavy metal (Pb) concentration. The gelatin biopolymer in this result has the pH value of 4, which is fulfilled the national standard in Indonesia (SNI). The citric acid concentration of 11% with 48-hour immersion time shows an optimum result. In this condition, it shows the highest extraction yield of 2.1 weight %, with the water content of 11.33 weight% and heavy metal (Pb) concentration of 1.93 weight%.

Abstract: Cellulose is an important structural material found naturally within the cell walls of plants that has recently been researched as a biodegradable, renewable, and non-toxic reinforcing agent used to improve properties for a variety of composite systems. Cellulose is usually derived from wood sources via acid hydrolysis. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is produced by bacteria proliferation using nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen sources, and is similar chemically to plant extracted cellulose. Compared to commercially available cellulose, BC has higher purity and increased hydrophilicity. In this work, banana peels are used as a carbon source for bacterial cellulose growth. The peels were heat treated to maximize sugar and carbon contents. In addition, BC derived from the banana peels doesn’t require any bleaching or chemical post-processing. In this research, BC derived from banana peels is synthesized, characterized, and analyzed for its physical, mechanical, and thermomechanical properties, as compared to commercial nanocellulose.

Abstract: This study investigates the medicinal potential of proteins derived from Phallus indusiatus, commonly known as bamboo mushroom, focusing on their bioactive properties of the mushroom proteins, including antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. Using a non-solvent extraction method, crude proteins were isolated and purified through anion-exchange chromatography. After stepwise NaCl elution, distinct eluted peaks were collected, designated P1-P4 fraction. Each purified protein fractions primarily demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity. Bioactivity assessments were further conducted on several protein fractions (P1, P2, P3, and P4) using LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells to evaluate their anti-inflammatory properties. The results revealed that proteins P1, P3, and P4 significantly reduced nitric oxide production, with P4 demonstrating the most potent effect. As the results, P1, P3, and P4 would be exhibited as Fungal Immunomodulatory Proteins (FIPs) with selective anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting their potential for further therapeutic applications. Anticancer activity was assessed against A549, where all protein fractions exhibited notable cytotoxicity against cancer cell, without affecting normal Vero cells. These findings highlight the potential of P. indusiatus proteins containing pharmacological properties for developing mushroom-based meat analogs.

Abstract: Typha australis is an invasive plant from Senegal also found in wetlands. In order to limit its proliferation, typha australis is used in the energy sector but also in construction. This study contributes to the valorisation of typha australis in the field of biocomposites. For this purpose, typha fibres were used. The fibres were extracted manually using a plastic comb, then subdivided into three zones, namely the bottom, middle and top, and dried. The resulting fibres were characterised physically by measuring density, water content and absorption coefficient, and morphologically by determining the morphology but also of the section of the fibres. many respects, the physical property results concerning density show an average of the three areas of 1.53 g/cm³ with a water content between 6 and 10% and an absorption coefficient showing two main absorption phases. As for the tomography results, we directly notice the presence of fibre bundles and not of individual fibres due to the manual extraction method used. Nevertheless, the results obtained suggest a behaviour comparable to that of the most commonly used natural fibres, namely flax.

Abstract: Lithium demand has increased rapidly in the last few years because lithium is a metal that is important in technology, like electronic equipment and electric vehicles. One of the primary lithium resources is lithium ore, which contains minerals such as spodumene and lepidolite. Mica schist is one of the lithium ore sources that is indicated to contain lithium. The mica schist used in this research was from Kebumen, Central Java, Indonesia. This raw material indicates a lithium mineral called lepidolite. The aims of this research were to find out the potential of local Indonesian minerals as raw materials for lithium extraction processes in lithium-ion battery (LiB) applications, with the effect of leaching time and solid/liquid ratio. The leaching agent used in this research was 2 M chloride acid (HCl). Variables of this research were-100 mesh for particle size of raw material, 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, and 1:20 (g/ml) for solid/liquid ratio, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes for leaching time, and 70 °C for leaching temperature. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) analysis was done on this research to determine the mica-schist composition. The optimum lithium percentage that was obtained in this research was 40.65% on a solid/liquid ratio of 1:5 (g/ml) and a leaching time of 120 minutes.

Abstract: Anthocyanins are said to possess antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-obesity effects. There is lot of emphasis placed on the improvement of the methods for extracting anthocyanins; one of which being extraction via aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). Aqueous two-phase system is a liquid-liquid extraction method that has many benefits like easy to scale up with high recovery yield. However, ATPS also has drawbacks as it utilizes organic solvents and low biodegradability ionic liquid. In this context, Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) which are inexpensive, eco-friendly can be employed in aqueous two-phase system. Thus, the purpose of this research is to explore the feasibility of NADES-ATPS in the extraction and purification of anthocyanins. This research will investigate the solubility of anthocyanins and characterize the NADESs in terms of density, viscosity, and polarity to screen out NADESs that are suitable to be used for the extraction of anthocyanins. To do this, 6 different types of NADES with different molar ration, such as 1:1,1:2 and 1:3 of hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) to hydrogen bond donor (HBD) ratio, were prepared and screened. The NADES was prepared using choline chloride as HBA, and malonic acid, lactic acid, glycerol, ascorbic acid, urea, and citric acid as HBD. The solubility of 10% anthocyanin was found in a range of 0.60×10⁻² g/g to 1.81×10⁻²g/g. The solubility of the anthocyanins in NADES was correlated to the viscosity and polarity of the NADES where it was seen that the solubility has a positive relationship with polarity. The solubility also showed a similar trend to the viscosity however up to critical point, upon which the solvent was too viscous and was unable to be utilized in room temperature. The research concludes that malonic acid-based NADES to be the most suitable to be utilized for the extraction of anthocyanin using ATPS.

Abstract: Zircon (ZrSiO₄) is one of Indonesia's most abundant mineral reserves that have yet to be fully utilized since zircon mine production in Indonesia is only 110.000 tons/year while Australia produces zircon up to 500.000 tons/year. Indonesia has 167 million tons of zircon sand reserves, especially in West Kalimantan. One of the most efficient methods of zircon sand processing in terms of energy use and environmental pollution is the alkali fusion of NaOH. This study used zircon sand with NaOH, a stoichiometric ratio of 1:4 (excess 1.5), to be roasted in a muffle furnace at 600°C for 120 min. The following process is washing the frit with water, and the frit is dissolved with aquades with ratio frit: H₂O=1g:10 ml at 30°C and stirring 300 rpm for 60 min. The frit leaching solution is filtered to obtain Na₂ZrO₃. The water-wash product is leached using HNO₃ as the leaching agent with the ratio of water-wash product: HNO₃=1:5, the acid concentration is 6 M, at 90°C, agitation use 260 rpm with the variation of time 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes. The pregnant leach solution is deposited with NH₄OH and calcinated. According to the results of this experiment, the optimum time to obtain high Zr extraction is 240 minutes. This research produced single-phase zirconia with a cubic crystal structure containing 91.23% ZrO₂ and 1.18% SiO₂.

Abstract: Modifying asphalt mixtures with recycled components is common practice due to their environmental and economic merits. However, due to the oxidized air-blown asphalt binders in recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) and aged binders in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), adopting RAP and/or RAS as recycled components in asphalt mixtures influences the performance of the overall asphalt binder in these mixtures. The percentages of recycled components and performance grade (PG) of virgin asphalt binders (VABs) in the asphalt mixtures govern the performance of the overall asphalt binder. Therefore, the main idea of this study was to investigate the effect of the percentages of RAP/RAS and PGs of the VABs on the load- and non-load-associated cracking resistance of the extracted asphalt binders (EABs) from field cores. Rheological tests were performed on the EABs to assess the load-associated cracking (fatigue cracking) and non-load-associated cracking (low-temperature and block cracking) resistance. The VAB's PGs, mixtures' ages, and the percentages of RAP/RAS affected the EABs' cracking resistance. When compared to EABs from mixtures with lower amounts of RAP, employing RAS in the asphaltic mixtures improved EABs' resistance to fatigue and block cracking. However, using RAS deteriorated EABs' resistance to low-temperature cracking. Increasing the RAP's percentage in the asphaltic mixtures decreased the cracking resistance of the EABs. Strong relationships were established between EABs' load- and non-load-associated cracking resistance.

Abstract: Oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre (OPEFB) is a waste from palm oil mill. It is rich in useful compound residues such as cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose. The increasing interest in OPEFB as a source of cellulose is due to its low cost, renewable and abundantly available, particularly in the Southeast Asia region. Cellulose extraction is affected by pre-treatment, especially during the bleaching process. Thus, this study aims to analyse the effect of bleaching period and treatment using NaClO₂ on cellulose recovery from OPEFB. Batch process of bleaching was carried out in the ratio of 1:50 of fibres to sodium chlorite (NaClO₂) solution of 0.7%. This was followed by analysis of cellulose morphological using FTIR and SEM analysis. The study found that bleaching duration affects cellulose recovery, with the highest yield of 54% found to be at 3 hours of bleaching duration. The bleaching duration was increased up to 6 hours, but found to yield less cellulose, which indicated that certain duration is suitable to provide a condition for higher cellulose yield.