Papers by Keyword: Fatty Acid

Abstract: The erstwhile transformer oil material, for all these periods of more than two centuries, has been championing liquid dielectrics, for machines’ cooling and insulation purposes. However, its use has detrimental and attendant consequences on global terrestrial and aquatic habitats, industries and global warming. Palm oil (Elaise Guinensis Eg; and/or Elaise Oleifera Eo) is presently posing a great challenge to liquid hydrocarbon in the operation of transformers. Despite the ease in availability of mineral oil today, especially for oil producing nations, this paper aims at unveiling its several underscores and analyses of the viscosity, flash point, density, neutralisation (acidic value) number, electrical resistivity, and breakdown voltage (BDV) results of the respective mineral and palm oil samples. Palm oil’s test results values of approximately, 244OC, 55kV and 0.004 mgkOH/gm of oil, was recorded, respectively for the flash point, breakdown voltage (BDV) and acid neutralisation index, as compared with corresponding mineral oil’s values of 142OC, 59kV and 0.004 mgkOH/gm. The results obtained favoured the use of palm oil than the mineral oil for transformer’s operation.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of oleic acid as an additive in palm and coconut oils on tribological properties. Palm and coconut oils are vegetable oils that are consisted of free fatty acid, which one of the materials used as a source of environmental lubricant. Fatty acids in vegetable oil consist of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Palm and coconut oils are rich in palmitic acid, which is categorized as saturated fatty acids. Whereas oleic acid is unsaturated fatty acids, and it has good lubricity as a lubricant. The effect of variation of oleic acid (10wt%, 20wt%, and 30wt%) in palm and coconut oils was investigated on tribological properties. The tribological properties were investigated by using a pin on disc apparatus and a ball bearing test rig. The results show that the effect of 10%wt oleic acids in coconut oil significantly increased its tribological properties with Δ scar width around 96 μm and 154 μm for the inner race and outer race, respectively.

Abstract: The composite materials of biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and fatty acid modified eggshell 15 phr were prepared using a twin screw extruder. Eggshell was modified with different types of fatty acids i.e. propionic acid and oleic acid. Samples were shaped by an injection molding machine to prepare the specimens for mechanical testing. A scanning electron microscope was used to characterize the fracture surface of the composites to ascertain their morphological properties. A universal testing machine and an impact tester were used to investigate the mechanical properties. From the investigation, it was found that the dispersion of eggshell modified with fatty acid in PLA matrix is more uniform than unmodified eggshell. Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the composites between PLA and eggshell modified with propionic acid are higher than neat PLA and PLA/eggshell modified with oleic acid. On the other hands, the relative amount of elongation at break and impact strength of PLA/eggshell modified with propionic acid composite are lower than the composites of PLA and eggshell modified with oleic acid.

Abstract: Designing lauric acid (L) solvent-exchange induced in situ forming gel (ISG) was conducted in this study by using mixed solvents (N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), 2-pyrrolidone (PYR) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at different ratios. The pH, density, viscosity, matrix formation, contact angle/surface tension and antimicrobial activities of 50% w/w L in mixed solvents were determined. The pH and density of solvent decreased apparently with L addition. More amount of PYR in the solvent mixture increased the density and viscosity. High viscous manner of PYR resulted in the high surface tension and contact angle. The solvent mixture of NMP/PYR promoted a higher contact angle than the other mixed solvent systems. L in DMSO, PYR or solvent mixture with high ratio of DMSO or PYR transformed into matrix-like rapidly while those in NMP or high ratio of NMP had slower matrix formation after exposure to aqueous fluid. NMP and PYR showed antimicrobial activities effectively against all test microbes while L matrix retarded their activities. The mixed solvent concept is interesting to use for designing ISG comprising L as matrix former to prolong the drug release.

Abstract: Bio jet fuel becomes one of the feasible solutions for jet fuel inadequate supply in Indonesia. However, study in this field by far has been limited. In this study, bio jet fuel was synthesized from Crude Palm Oil (CPO) by Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acid (HEFA) facilitated by Ni-Mo/SiO₂ catalyst, in which the support was derived from rice husk ash. The study focused on investigating the influence of catalyst-CPO mass ratio and temperature of the catalytic process. Experimental works consisted of silica-based catalyst preparation via impregnation method, followed by sample assessments. Catalytic reactions were conducted at 20-50 bars, with temperature of reaction 300°C and 400°C. Catalyst performance were evaluated from crystallinity, composition, and activity in the reaction. Catalyst characterization shows an amorphous structured with high dispersion of Ni-Mo in rice husk ash have been produced. The HEFA process successfully obtained bio jet fuel (C₁₀-C₁₅ hydrocarbons) with yield and selectivity of 45.17% and 45.46%, respectively. Overall, a systematic approach shows rice husk ash has potential to be developed as a catalyst support for bio jet fuel production from crude palm oil.

Abstract: The transition from non-living to living matter has been reported can be achieved in the laboratory via designing and constructing the protocell models [1]. Protocell is a study of origin of life theory whereby it is not a true cell, but a term used to refer to early cells or primitive cells. There are two types of protocell model; vesicles and coacervates. Vesicles are biological membranes; provide a semi-permeable boundary between the internal and external environment of a cell and are constructed via self-assembly of lipid and fatty acid molecules [2-5]. While vesicles are made of self-assembly of lipid molecules, coacervates are mixtures of two or more polymers in aqueous solution that spontaneously phase separated to form droplets. Coacervate droplets ^have been proposed as a potential alternative protocell model because of compartmentalization properties [6-11].

Abstract: Oil contamination has caused more public anxiety than other waste or spilt materials into the marine environment. Oil sorbents of high sorption capacity, biodegradable, readily available and low cost, are important for protection of water environment, especially from oil spillage. This work deals with raw and modified corn silk, an agricultural waste, as a low cost sorbent for oil-products spill cleanup in the aquatic environment. Corn silk was modified using fatty acid (oleic acid) to improve its sorption capacity. The chemical functional groups of raw and modified corn silk were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Kinetic tests were conducted with a series of contact times. The kinetic studies showed good correlation coefficients for a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The oleic acid treated corn silk (OTCS) showed high degree of hydrophobicity and oil sorption capacity of approximately 10.7 and 11.90 g oil/g sorbent for Tapis and Arabian crude oil, respectively. Corn silk is a cheap waste material that can be treated to have an acceptable sorption capacity which can be used as an alternative to the commercial synthetic sorbents such as polypropylene.

Abstract: Copper (II) palmitate complex was synthesized using an electrochemical technique in the presence of palm-based palmitic acid as the ligand and Cu (II) ions from the slow released of anode material through the electrochemical oxidation of Cu foil. The system consisted of Cu foil and a graphite rod as the anode and cathode, respectively, while ammonium acetate was used as a supporting electrolyte. X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies were carried out to characterize the synthesized complexes using powder XRD, XPS, FTIR and UV-Vis. The results obtained showed that the desired Cu (II)Pa complex was successfully synthesized using the electrochemical technique. The surface morphology of the complexes was analyzed using FESEM, and the micrograph obtained showed that the synthesized complexes formed nanosized matchstick-like structures. This conclusion is supported by the TEM micrograph which shows the presence of nanoparticles with different diameter ranges from 2 to 3 nm.

Abstract: Nine newly bred peanut genotypes from our research group were analyzed for their seed fatty acid composition. Oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids were 3 major fatty acids in peanut seed oil, together constituting 89.65%-91.83% of total fatty acids in peanut seeds. Five of the peanut lines/cultivars tested had an oleate to linoleate ratio (O/L) of 19.11-31.37, and may be classified as high-oleic, providing good sources for biodiesel production. Of them, 12L48 is most promising due to its high productivity and saline tolerance.

Abstract: Recently the wind power was customized to offshore due to more abundant wind than onshore. Transformer is a multi-terminal electrical device that transforms electrical energy and is filled with insulating oil. This study presents the feasibility of diglycerol ester as insulating oil for offshore wind turbine transformers. The sulfated zirconia (SZ) was prepared by the sol-gel method for use on synthesize of diglycerol ester. The diglycerol ester was synthesized with diglycerol and fatty acids over SZ for use on insulating oil of offshore wind turbine transformer. The SZ600 has the highest conversion of fatty acids. The insulation properties of synthesized diglycerol ester over SZ600 shows that the pour point is-50°C and the flash point is 316°C. Therefore, it is suitable for diglycerol ester over SZ600 to be used in offshore wind turbine transformer.