Papers by Keyword: Flame Retardant

Abstract: In this paper, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was modified by methyl hydrogen silicone oil and gas hydrophobic silica, hydrophobic ammonium polyphosphate (HAPP) was prepared. Then, HAPP was separately mixed with starch and melamine were introduced into polypropylene as flame retardants to prepare polypropylene (PP) retardant materials. The hydrophobic retention was of HAPP above 90%. According to the results from testing its wettability, its contact angle was 140.69°, which was increased by about 120°compared with APP, and this indicated the HAPP had better hydrophobic properties than that of the unmodified. And a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).The results showed that the surface of APP is coated with methyl hydrogen silicone fluid and gas hydrophobic silica. The limited oxygen index (LOI) of the flame retardant PP material is measured by the oxygen index tester, and at a total flame retardant loading of 33wt%, the LOI value of PP retardant materials can achieve 29%, indicating that this flame retardant can better make the PP into the stable charred layer, and improve the performance of the flame retardant PP material greatly.

Abstract: At present, the flame retardant system was adopted by Cnooc offshore oil engineering (Qingdao) co, LTD (COOEC) workshop ton class jacket platform, whose heat resistance temperature is no more than 80°C. The part of flame retardant area is burned by excessively high temperature and excessive on-site repair work at COOEC workshop due to reserved area of flame retardant is not accurate. In this paper the welding simulation software SYSWELD was used to analyze the temperature distribution of weld joint of typical assembly at workshop. The process parameters, material and model input parameters were adjusted by the field data feedbacks to obtain the optimized welding temperature distribution. The results show that the temperature distribution simulated by the SYSWELD was similar to the field actual measurements. The results of the temperature distribution of the weld joint give the accurate reserved area of flame retardant.

Abstract: The science and technology of synthetic polymers has undergone explosive growth in the last few decades and the number of different polymeric materials in our built environment increases almost daily. All organic polymers burn and thus entail some measure of fire hazard in some situations. With increasing awareness of the nation’s fire problem it has become evident that the problems associated with flammability of polymeric materials must be attacked and solved. With the large number of polymers in commercial use. Problems of flammability and fire retardation are complex and multifaceted properties have to be developed, or existing polymers must be modified by addition of fire-retardant compounds. EPDM Rubber has many attractive properties such as low shrinkage, ease of cure and processing, excellent moisture, solvent and chemical resistance, good mechanical and electrical properties, as well as ease of modification to optimize the properties. However flammability is a major limitation in area requiring high flame resistance. Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) due to its flame retardancy property is widely used as non reinforcing filler in wires and cable compound along with silica and carbon black. In this study carbon black is fully replaced by nano ATH to make environment friendly rubber products. However, the dispersion of nano particles in rubber is remarkably poor and hence techniques like melt mixing, solution mixing and master batching of nano ATH with EVA (Ethylene- vinyl acetate) are used to improve the dispersion of nano ATH particles in EPDM elastomers. In the current study we have used melt mixing for improving the dispersion of nano ATH and excellent results were obtained with optimum loading of nano ATH.

Abstract: Legislation on fire safety requirements especially in the USA and UK has been the driving force behind the use of halogen-free flame retardants (FR) in recent years. The present study describes the effect of inorganic fillers, namely aluminium hydroxides (ATH) on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) in order to increase its flame retardant capability. Two different types of ATH, a standard type Apyral 60 CD (ATH 60) and a submicron sized Apyral 200 SM (ATH 200) were used. The flame-retardant ENR composite was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94V, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to study the combustion behavior and thermal stability. The finer particles size (ATH 200) as expected produced better flame retardant properties (measured by LOI) compared to ATH 60; however, the difference between the values is marginal. It was also observed that a combination of 100 pphr ATH 200 and 60 pphr ATH 60 gave the highest LOI value (29.4%) in ENR compounds. The compound was V0 rated in UL-94V burn test. Even at the higher loading, it was also found that the compound exhibited lower viscosity indicating its easier processability.

Abstract: The water-based ultra-thin fireproof coating for steel structures was prepared by using polyvinyl acetate emulsion as binder, using flame retardant composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) , pentaerythritol (PTH) and melamine (MEL) as basic flame retardant system, using titanium dioxide as inorganic filler, then use expandable graphite (EG) to improve the thickness and compactness of char layer. The experimental results show that the coating has the best properties when the content of polyvinyl acetate emulsion is 32 % and the flame retardant is 38 % by mass, furthermore if added 4 % EG, the properties of coating would be better.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties and fire resistivity of medium density fibreboards (MDF) made from renewable biomass namely empty fruit bunch fibre (EFB) and palm-based pre-PU as the binder. Aluminium hydroxide (ATH) was added in the mixture of EFB at size of 300 to 500 μm. The ratio of EFB to PU matrix was 35:65 with ATH at varying amount of 5, 10, and 15 wt% of the overall mass of the resin. The results showed that MDF-EFB has higher mechanical properties than MDF-EFB/ATH. However, the fire test indicated lower burning rate (from 0.15 mm/s to 0.27 mm/s) as the percentage loading of ATH increased.

Abstract: The magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂, MH) was modified using oleic acid (C₁₇H₃₃COOH, OA) by wet techonlogy. The modification effect of MH was evaluated by activation index and oil absorption rate. The optimum technological conditions were as follows: the concentration of magnesium hydroxide slurry was 35wt%, the oleic acid 2wt% ,temperature 70 °C, time 40 min and a stirring rate 2200 rpm. Additionally, the structure and morphology of the improved modified MH powders were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA-DSC. Compared with the unmodified MH, the modified MH had better dispersibility and hydrophobicity.

Abstract: Coal ash as flame retardant was used to PVC, the mechanical properties and flame retardance of the samples were studied. The resultant data show that coal ash better effect on the mechanical properties of the sample, especially tensile strength, impact strength, and 4% of coal ash obtained good flame retardance. PVC treated with flame-retardants showed a high limiting oxygen index, high decomposition temperature, which indicated that the flame retardance of the treated PVC was improved.

Abstract: The future of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) as thermal insulation in the construction industry is divided into two trends. The first one contains polystyrene boards and shaped elements already built-in in the buildings, respectively problems of their liquidation as construction or demolition waste generated during reconstructions and demolition of the buildings. The second trend is focused on the future production of polystyrene foam as the material for thermal insulations. Its target in particular is the change of technological processes and finding new methods to reduce energy consumption during production, improve the thermal insulation properties and replace the existing flame retardant other, environmentally acceptable.

Abstract: The dielectric strength of halogen-free glass-reinforced polyamides, including PA6, PA66, PA66/6T and PPA has been evaluated in severe conditions i.e. 120°C and 140°C according to IEC60243-1. A few halogenated grades have been evaluated as well for comparison purposes. The influence of the type of flame retardant is discussed, and results in terms of dielectric strength retention at high temperature are compared with electrical Relative Thermal Index RTI and the compound melting temperature.