Papers by Keyword: Flammability

Abstract: This study investigates the flammability characteristics of composites developed from waste materials, notably integrating Palmyra fibre and waste LDPE. The research systematically assessed the flammability properties of Palmyra Fibre-Reinforced Composites (PFRCs) across seventeen distinct variations. PFRCs were synthesized employing a variety of techniques, including the hot-press method, the cold-press method, and the hand lay-up method. The analysis spanned various dimensions such as the treatment condition of the fibres, fibre lengths, volume fractions, and orientation, aiming to evaluate their impact on the composite's flammability properties comprehensively. Among the variations considered, 40 mm length alkali-treated fibre with 20% (w/w) inclusion in random orientation provided the best overall density and flammability characteristics. The results highlight the capability of Palmyra fibre to serve as an effective alternative for reinforcing composite sheets. The research indicates that these materials demonstrate not only favourable density and improved resistance to fire but also add to the overall durability and wider usage possibilities of the composites. Together, these findings emphasise the field of sustainable and alternative materials research, emphasizing the practicality of utilizing waste-derived composites in a range of applications.

Abstract: Sugarcane bagasse which is generally only wasted or burned after the sugarcane extracted will cause environmental pollution. Sugarcane bagasse contains fibers that can be used as reinforcement in composite materials. Utilization of sugarcane bagasse fiber made into particle board composite material in addition to reducing waste is also an added value of the waste itself. Alkalization treatment of sugarcane fibers with NaOH solution at concentrations 3%, 5% and 7% was carried out to modify the surface to improve the bond between fibers and epoxy resin. The alkalization results were tested for bending properties to see the effectiveness of fiber treatment. The best treatment is added basalt powder as a material that has heat resistance with different sizes of mesh 100, 200, and 325 to make particle board composites. The particleboard composites were tested for flammability, bending properties and strength. The results show that treatment with NaOH solution is quite effective in improving fiber and resin bonding as evidenced by the results of the bending test which increased significantly by 179% after NaOH treatment compared to without treatment. Treatment with 5% NaOH showed the best bending strength 15.40 MPa. After adding basalt powder even though it has not been able to stop the flame but the rate of flame propagation is reduced from 27.37 mm/min to 20.90 mm/min, this indicates that basalt powder works but not yet optimal. Bending and compressive strength increases when basalt powder is added compared without basalt, getting smaller basalts size the strength increases. Composites made from sugarcane bagasse fibers, basalt and epoxy resin have potential to reach the minimum standard of mechanical properties for particleboard applications.

Abstract: In this work, jute and bamboo fiber is used as reinforcement to prepare hybrid composites. The alkali treatment of both the fibers are carried out and the strength of composites prepared with the alkali treated fiber is compared with the composites made from untreated fibers. The bamboo fibers are chopped and pulverized and added to matrix while the jute fiber is used in continuous form. Tensile, flexural, impact, hardness, thermal absorptivity test is carried along with the flammability test. The tensile strength of jute –bamboo-epoxy composite (JBEC) with untreated fibers is observed to be 12.21 MPa while the tensile strength of jute-epoxy composite (JEC) with untreated fiber composite is observed to be 11.72 MPa. Further, the alkali treatment of fiber increases the tensile strength of both the JEC and JBEC by 8%. About 11.12% rise in tensile strength in JEC and 14.35% rise in JBEC is observed due to alkali treatment of fibers. JBEC with alkali treated fibers [JBEC(AT)] shows 42.5HV hardness, while JBEC shows the hardness of 40.2HV. The hardness of JEC increased from 31.3HV to 35.5HV due to alkali treatment. JBEC and JEC with alkali treated fibers [JBEC(AT), JEC (AT)] shows higher thermal absorptivity than JBEC and JEC owing to the fact that higher thermal conductivity of bamboo fibers. The JBEC(AT) shows an ignition temperature of 301°C, while JBEC starts burning at a temperature of 285.6°C. JEC starts burning at 256.56°C and JEC burns by 248.52°C.

Abstract: This research investigates the influence of the quantity and type of flame retardants and blowing agents on the thermal insulation properties of foam prepared using STR 20 block rubber. Supercell DPT was employed as a blowing agent, and aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) and chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) functioned as flame retardants, with their concentrations adjusted to 10 and 20 parts per hundred rubber (phr). All rubber compound formulations were prepared via a semi-EV sulphur vulcanization system. The expansion ratio in a compression mould and curing properties of the rubber compounds were determined at 170 °C. The experimental results revealed that increasing the amount of blowing agent from 3 to 8 phr led to a maximum increase of 110% in the pore size within the foam structure. Both ATH and CPE at a concentration of 10 phr are sufficient to make all insulating foam formulations pass the UL-94 HBF flammability test. The natural rubber foam applied with 8 phr of blowing agent and 10 phr of ATH flame retardant exhibited the lowest water absorption at 0.46%. It also demonstrated good durability at a maximum temperature of 84 °C for 7 days, and the lowest thermal conductivity (K-value) of 0.0648 W/m·K according to ASTM C518-10.

Abstract: The effect of magnesium hydrophosphate on rheokinetic, chemical-colloidal and flame retardant properties of flame retardant aluminosilicate paints for wood has been investigated. It is shown that the introduction of magnesium hydrophosphate in the paint composition in the amount of 1-1.5% allows to stabilize the change of dynamic viscosity from 164500 to 120000 cP in the range of speeds from 0.35 to 1 RPM, as well as to provide wettability (s=0. 659-0.6603) and stability of spread ability (k=-43.48 and k=- 43.65) of the paint on pine substrate, which corresponds to the criterion requirements. According to the data of fire tests it was found that modification of aluminosilicate bases of paints with magnesium hydrophosphate in the amount of 1-1.5% puts them in the category of difficult combustible and difficult to ignite, the temperature of flue gases did not exceed the critical value (<260С), mass loss did not exceed 5.4-7.2%, which corresponds to the I group of flammability G1 according to the standard. According to the shear force data (SS=24.95 to 176.45 dynes/cm² and SS=23.18 to 172.4 dynes/cm²) the investigated formulations can be applied on wooden surfaces by air spraying with a screw paint feed.

Abstract: Phase Change Materials (PCMs) have attracted growing attention recently in the renewable energy utilization and building energy efficiency due to their high capacity for storing thermal energy but their applications have been restricted by leakage, poor thermal conductivity, and high flammability. In this work, the flame retardant phase change material has been successfully prepared through integrating Resorcinol bis (diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) as a flame retardant into lauric acid (LA) as a phase change material. The DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) test is used to measure the thermal properties of LA_RDP. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test demonstrates that the thermal stability of composite LA_RDP is improved. Cone calorimeter is applied to study the flammability properties of the flame retardant phase change material. As a result, the RDP-based flame-retardant PCMs developed could be used for safe and efficient solar energy storage applications.

Abstract: The present work aims to study the prospects of the efficient utilization of aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)₃ as a filler for thermoplastic recycled polymer. Recycled polypropylene (rPP) has been used as polymer matrix to prepare composites with different levels (25 and 50 wt.%) of aluminium hydroxide filler. Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) coupling agent has also been incorporated into rPP composites to facilitate particle dispersion. MAPP treated composites have shown up to 20% improvement in tensile strength and an increment of up to 33% in tensile modulus as compared to neat rPP prepared at 25 wt.% and 50 wt.% Al(OH)₃ filler content, respectively. MAPP surface treatment enhancement of interfacial adhesion between rPP matrix and Al(OH)₃ filler is evident through SEM micrographs. Al(OH)₃ filler strongly influences the flammability of rPP composites, with a significant reduction in average ignition time. The flame retardancy of MAPP treated rPP composite surpasses untreated rPP composite, despite the insignificant amount of difference between the two.

Abstract: The results of the study the fire safety of coatings, based on silicate and sol silicate paints, are presented. The rapid method of the fire tube (based on the definitions of the duration of self-combustion or smoldering and on the mass loss of the sample after exposure to an open flame) established that the coatings belong to the group of non-flammable material, for coatings, based on poly-silicate solutions, have a lower loss of mass, in comparison with coatings based on liquid glass. At the flammability test on the TPR it was established, that coating based on potassium liquid glass and potassium poly-silicate solution did not ignite seen, even at a temperature of 760 degrees. There is no smoke emission. However, a change in the shape and color was recorded. The weight loss of the sample of the coating, based on potassium liquid glass, was 30.14% by weight, and the coating sample, based on the potassium poly-silicate solution, was 27.14%. The evidence of improvement of fire hazard characteristics of coatings based on poly-silicate solutions is obtained.

Abstract: The processes of pyrolysis and combustion of rubber-based synthetic rubbers were studied. Determined that Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) helps reduce the rate of burning rubber in half, from 0.25 mm/s to 0.14 m/s based on a mixture of isoprene and butadiene-styrene rubbers

Abstract: Glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyesters were prepared by hand lay-up technique. Effect of clay conditions and loading, as well as mixing time on tensile modulus, flammability, and wear resistance were evaluated. In general, the results showed that there might be two possible structures, dispersed and agglomerated, in the composite samples. The modulus results showed that the effect of clay drying, as well as higher filler loading increase the property. In contrast, the mixing time resulted in negative effect on modulus. The improvement on modulus and flammability might be influenced by clay dispersion due to shear and viscosity change, while the decrease on modulus and wear resistance might be caused by agglomerated structures due to lubrication effect of moisture content, and less crosslink point caused by styrene evaporation.