Papers by Keyword: Flexural Test

Abstract: In response to the urgent need for more sustainable and environment friendly construction materials, this work explores the viability of partially or fully substituting the traditional glass fibers with date palm leaf fibers in bulk molding compounds (BMC) for infrastructure applications, specifically pedestrian network elements. To achieve this, assessment of mechanical properties across three composite groups was carried out: pure date palm fiber, hybrid (date palm and glass fiber), and pure glass fiber. The compression and flexural strengths of each composite were quantitatively assessed and compared. Results demonstrated that composites solely comprising glass fibers exhibited superior compressive and flexural. Conversely, pure date palm fiber composites showed the lowest strength values. So as expected, significant improvements were observed with glass fiber hybridization, up to 88.59% in compression and 349.21% in flexural strength in comparison to the pure date palm fiber composites. These findings underline the potential of date palm fiber hybrid composites which offers a balance between performance and environmental sustainability. The research also supports Sustainable Development Goals by encouraging low-carbon industrial materials, responsible production, and sustainable resource management.

Abstract: In power transmission systems, gears are the most essential parts. Gear failure would happen at any regular working cycles and it must be avoided with special care. The mode of failure suggests that optimum material and suitable post processing has to be done. Industry demands more efficient, reliable, and lightweight gears. Hence more efficient, reliable, and lightweight gears must be developed and manufactured. Eventhough lot of investment is being done on research and implementing new technologies while manufacturing gears, stills some failures is arised. Many physical factors, including the inappropriate materials composition, may induce gear failure. In this paper, some typical diverse materials, like nylon 6 and glass fibers are mixed with various volume proportions to enhance wear resistance and improve gear’s life. Polymer gears developed in this study offer more superior life than pure nylon gears. All the prepared specimen samples are tested to a variety of studies including Tensile, Compression, Flexural, Impact, TGA and Wear tests. Depreciation is not reducing low, however. 90% nylon 6 + 10 % Glass fiber to 10% nylon 6+ 90Glass fiber 10 % Nylon 6 has mixed for investigation. Based on the investigation, 70% of Nylon 6 + 30% glass fiber has high strength, low wear, and high wear resistance.

Abstract: Composite is a material that combines two or more materials that basically dissimilar chemical or physical properties from one another. In this research, we used Acropora coral reef waste particulate and Resin Polyester BQTN type 157 with Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) 1% as the hardener. The Hand Lay-Up molding technique is used in the process of making the material. The tensile and flexure test is done according to the ASTM D3090 and ASTM D790 – 03 standards. The purpose of this research is to discover the means to produce a composite enhanced by Acropora coral reef waste with polyester matrix and to learn the tensile and flexure strength from the Acropora coral reef waste particulate-enhanced polyester composites with mass fraction varieties of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The tensile test result of Acroporal coral reef waste particulate with polyester matrix yields average tensile strength at mass fraction variety of 40% with a score of 19,66 MPa, with an Modulus score of 636,75 MPa. The flexure test result of Acropora coral reef waste particulate with polyester matrix yields average flexure stress at mass fraction variety of 40% with a score of 112,56 MPa, with an average Elastic Modulus score of 3098,96 MPa.

Abstract: Fiber metal laminate (Glare) made of 2014-T6 aerospace aluminum alloy sheets adhesively bonded with E-glass fiber based composite prepregs is investigated in the paper. The fabrication procedure of the laminate is explained. Chemical composition, macrostructure and residual stress of aluminum alloy are obtained. Mechanical properties of the laminate viz. tensile, flexural and shear strengths are measured.

Abstract: The consequence of placing a different layer of jute and carbon fiber in different position inside the composite has been experimentally investigated. Six layers of woven unidirectional jute fiber and four-layer of carbon fiber has been used with five different stacking sequences in this study. Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion (VARI) technology has been used for the manufacturing of the composite. After analyzing the results of the tensile and flexural test of the composites, it shows that the stacking sequence has a significant effect on those properties of the composites. Tensile strength of the composites was upgraded when all the layers of carbon fiber were placed in the middle of the sandwich-like composite structure whereas flexural strength of the composites was improved when carbon fibers were placed on the compression and tension side of the composite.

Abstract: The present research work describes the fabrication and interlaminar properties testing of carbon fiber aluminum metal laminates (CARALL). CARALL was fabricated through hand layup process followed by compression molding technique and interlaminar properties were assessed through double cantilever beam (DCB) test short beam and flexural test. Different treatments were performed on the surface of aluminum alloy and parameters were optimized to ensure good adhesion between metal sheet and carbon composite layer. Pull-off adhesion test was performed to gauge the adhesion strength of epoxy resin on aluminum alloy sheet. Effect of Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was also investigated on the interlaminar properties of CARALL. Treated surface of aluminum alloy sheet was examined under Optical and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). Porous surface was evident on aluminum sample due to surface treatment which contributes towards better adhesion between epoxy resin and metal surface through mechanical interlocking and diffusion mechanism. FE-SEM and stereo microscopy was also performed on fractured DCB samples and underlying fracture mechanism was discussed. Test results demonstrated that addition of MWCNTs deteriorated the interlaminar properties of CARALL by weakening the interface between treated aluminum surface and carbon composite.

Abstract: Lots of waste rubber is being produced in the world and the utilization of it not only mitigate environmental impacts caused by waste rubber disposal but also enhance sustainable development. As a result, rubberized concrete, by incorporation of waste rubber into concrete, should be considered as one of the effective strategies to take advantage of waste rubber. However, problems such as low strengths, weak adhesion between rubber particles and cement pastes, and undesirable pore structures associated with rubberized concrete should be pay more attention to. In this study, the effect of replacement fine aggregate with rubber particles on rheological and mechanical properties of concrete containing CaCO₃ nanoparticles was examined through slump, compressive and flexural strength tests. Rubber particles were employed to replace the fine aggregate equally by volume while CaCO₃ nanoparticles were used as an equal part of binder by weight. Different sizes and volume contents of rubber particles were evaluated as well as different weight contents of CaCO₃ nanoparticles. In addition, corresponding tests were also performed to evaluate the effect of CaCO₃ nanoparticles in comparison to concrete specimens without CaCO₃ nanoparticles. The results showed that replacement fine aggregates with rubber particles had some influence on the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete, resulting in undesirable findings in terms of compressive and flexural strengths. However, the incorporation of CaCO₃ nanoparticles improved mechanical properties of rubberized concrete. Regarding slump test, the rubberized concrete without CaCO₃ nanoparticles showed better performance. Considering rheological and mechanical properties, rubberized concrete with 1% CaCO₃ nanoparticles presented acceptable results.

Abstract: In recent years, many researches focused on the polymer materials to study the characteristics and to enhance the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites in order to understand the factors which lead to the desired dispersion of nanoclay in the polymer matrix. The samples used in this work were prepared through melt compounding, using high-density polyethylene and organo-modified clay of montmorillonite (MMT). During manufacturing of MMT/HDPE nanocomposites, a silane modifier and polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (compatibilizer) were added to get good surface finish and to act as bonding agent respectively. In addition, the compatibilizer will help in attaining better intercalation. Using a Plastograph-Mixer through twin-screw extruder, the high density polyethylene and different weight percentages (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 wt. %) of MMT are mixed and subsequently the composite is produced in the form of solid material. ASTM standard specimens for various tests are produced using injection molding machine with respective dies. The prepared experimental specimens for various tests like tensile, flexural, impact and shore-hardness are tested for its respective strengths. From this investigation, it is concluded that the addition of MMT nanoclay in HDPE has significantly influenced the mechanical properties of the composites.

Abstract: This study is concerned on evaluation of laminated composites of aluminium (Al) sheet and floral foam (FF) under flexural and compression test. Effect of different layers of Al/FF laminated composites was evaluated. Epoxy and hardener was used as the adhesive to bind the surface between the Al sheet and FF. The information on the functional group that exists in FF during the formation of the foam was verified by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. From flexural and compression test, the mechanical properties decreased with the increasing number of layers of Al/FF laminated composites. The load cannot be distributed uniformly across the composite layer thus results in failure. Optical Microscope (OM) was used to see the adhesion between the layers of Al/FF laminated composites. One layer (1L) of Al/FF shows good adhesion while for four layer (4L) of the composites show phase separation and the excess adhesive around the interface. This shows that the adhesion between the layers also contribute to the failure of the laminated composite. FTIR analysis shows that the FF consists of amine group (at 3587.95 cm^-1), alcohol group (at 3305.35 cm^-1) and alkyl group (>900 cm^-1) which is the main functional group found in polyurethane foam.

Abstract: Recently, various types of slab systems which can reduce self-weight of slabs have been studied as the height and width of building structures rapidly increase. A hollow slab system is widely known as one of the effective slab system which can reduce self-weight of slab. According to previous studies, the hollow slab with donut type hollow sphere had enough flexural strength. On the other hand, there were some differences in flexural stiffness and deflection between general RC slab and donut type hollow slab. The deflection of hollow slab was influenced by the shapes of hollow spheres due to its different second moment of inertia and amount of concrete surrounding bottom re-bar. Especially, the cracking behaviors also influence the deflection of slab. General RC slab deflection has been sufficiently investigated and some models to consider the crack behavior such as crack width, crack space, tension stiffening effect, bond-slip relationship. However, there is no study about the crack behavior on the hollow slab. Therefore, the purposes of this paper are to presents the cracking behavior of donut type hollow slab and to evaluate the deflection considering the crack behavior under flexural load.