Papers by Keyword: Free Energy Change

Abstract: The generation method of dissolved gas micro bubble is introduced in the paper. The micro bubble producing process can be divided into two stages-nucleation and expansion through analysis. The formation process and the free energy change of the micro bubble is analyzed according to the homogeneous nucleation theory, free energy change formula of the two process is derived, and relation between bubble radius and formation bubble number under certain conditions is also discussed. It is concluded that the smaller the radius of formed bubbles, the more free energy change and initial energy are needed according to the analysis of the relation above.

Abstract: The efficiency of electron injection (inj) in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline films has been studied by means of transient absorption spectroscopy. We observed inj of nearly unity for N3 dye adsorbed on nanocrystalline TiO2 films (N3/TiO2). We examined the effects of various experimental conditions, such as light intensity, excitation wavelength, and presence of additives (4-tert- butylpyridine, tBP and Li ions), on inj. We also used various semiconductors and sensitizer dyes to study the effect of free energy change (G) on inj. These results give us new insights for developing high-performance solar cell devices.

Abstract: Recent work has shown evidence of cyclical phase transformations taking place during mechanical alloying. Cyclical phase transformations resemble dynamic equilibrium in the sense that both equilibrium and non-equilibrium phases are simultaneously present during milling, but phase fractions vary during cyclical transformations. A brief thermodynamic and kinetic account is first discussed to establish the criteria for cyclical transformations. A two-dimensional molecular dynamic work is then presented to demonstrate cyclical phase transitions between an equilibrium and a non-equilibrium phase during mechanical alloying. A model binary crystal made of 57 Lennard-Jones atoms is studied to illustrate cyclical transitions between an equilibrium rhombus and a non-equilibrium square phase.