Papers by Keyword: Glass Cullet

Abstract: Increasingly accumulated as waste each year and depletion of fossil fuel, this leads to challenge work for alleviating this problem. Therefore, this research aimed to utilize clear glass cullet, for developing non-fired wall tiles. It need not to consume energy for firing. The base formulation of the experiment was composed of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), lateritic soil (LS), crushed limestone dust (CLD), and river sand (RS). The experimental design was divided into four groups: Group A was the control formulation, while Groups B, C, and D incorporated glass cullet as a partial replacement for OPC, LS, and CLD, respectively, at different levels. After mixing, the specimens were formed under a uniaxial pressure of 100 bar and subsequently cured at room temperature for 7 and 21 days. The properties evaluated included flexural strength, water absorption, linear shrinkage, and bulk density, with reference to the Thai Industrial Standard (TIS) 2508–2555, type BIII. The results indicated that the replacement of clear glass cullet in OPC, LS, and CLD yielded an experimental formulation that satisfied the standard requirements. Specifically, formulation C3, consisting of 15% CGC, 22.5% OPC, 40% LS, 15% CLD, and 7.5% RS, achieved a flexural strength of 12.27 MPa and a water absorption of 13.92%. This formulation was identified as the optimum mix for the 21-day curing age because it satisfies the requirements of the Thai Industrial Standard (TIS). In addition, a microstructure analysis of selected specimens was conducted. It was found that formulation C3 revealed the highest formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel, which corresponded to its high bending strength.

Abstract: This research is aim at developing marble-looking fired clay tile by utilizing waste glass cullet (CGC) mixed up with local plastic clay, sediment soil, and laterite clay. Boric oxide is also used as sintering aid. The experimental formulation is divided into 3 groups (A, B, and C) with 27 formulas. Test samples are moulded at 100 bar by Uni-axial pressing in dimension 50 x 100 x 7 mm and fried at temperature 850 °C. The initial results show that all formulas can develop marble texture and achieve Thai Industrial Standard TIS 2508-2555. Reducing firing temperature to 800 °C is the further investigation. However, formulas consisting 90% glass cullet are not selected, due to difficulty of molding workpieces. The final results of firing 800^o C show that formula A6 containing 15% Plastic clay, 85% glass cullet, 2% boric oxide has the highest bending strength and lowest water absorption (<1%). Its properties are similar to formula C6 containing 15% laterite soil 85% glass cullet, 2% boric oxide. They can pass Thai Industrial Standard TIS 2508-2555 Floor Tiles BI_b. Analyzing microstructure the fired specimens of these formulas by Scanning Electron Microscope has found glassy phases and dense matrix structures. Furthermore, Nepheline, Quartz, Cristobalite, Wollastonite, Devitrite, and Albite are identified by X-Ray Diffractometer. It can be summarized that marble texture surface fired clay tile can be developed by utilizing waste glass and low cost local materials.

Abstract: The paper presents an experimental study on the production of non-fired ceramic tiles from rice husk ash (RHA) and green glass cullet (GGC) composites as a novel eco-friendly material. Eighteen mixture formulations were constructed as compared to control formula, specimens were uniaxially pressed at 10 MPa and then cured at room temperature for 7 and 28 days. Non-fired tiles (formula A4, B11, and C17) containing 20% GGC were mixed with 0%, 5%, and 10% RHA. The modulus of rupture can be increased by 87.23%, 48.8%, and 19.4%, respectively, at 28 days of curing as compared to control formula. These results were also coherent with microstructure characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, formula A4 and C17 were selected to compare energy costs with wall tiles fired at 950^°C. They were the same amount of energy-saving costs by 5.19 USD/m². From these results, the new eco-friendly products can produce with a combination of RHA and GGC wastes which can enhance the physical properties due to the pozzolanic reaction. Moreover, the proposed non-fired ceramic tiles can conserve energy and reduce manufacturing costs.

Abstract: In this paper, the physico-mechanical properties of alkali-activated mortars (CF/S) containing calcareous fly ash (CF) from the combustion of lignite and ladle furnace slag (S) from the steelmaking process as binders as well as sand and glass cullet as inert material have been studied. The constituents were mixed with the alkaline activator (NaOH:Na2SiO3 was 1:1). The binders and aggregates were used in a ratio 1:3 while a part of sand was replaced by glass aggregates (60%). The specimens (dimensions 40x40x160 mm) of alkali-activated mixtures CF/S: 100/0, 80/20 and 50/50 were cured at 25 °C for 2 days and then were placed in humid environment (95±5 % RH, 25 °C). Then the mechanical strength and porosity at 7-d, 28-d and 90-d age were measured. All of the CF/S specimens exhibited compressive strength around 15 MPa at 28 days. After the 28-d age the specimens of CF/S mortars were exposed to wetting/drying and freeze/thaw cycles to have an estimation of durability of alkali-activated CF/S mortars and compared to the Portland I42.5 cement mortars (PC) of high strength 43 MPa. Mass loss of specimens was measured by weighing them. The results showed that alkali-activated CF/S mortars appear to have similar or slight lower behavior to wetting/drying and freeze/thaw cycles compared to net cement mortars.

Abstract: This article is aimed on the study of glass bottle cullet influence on the compressive and flexural strength development of products prepared as the partial natural aggregate replacement by crushed glass waste. For this study, eight different mixtures containing coloured glass cullet as a full replacement of natural aggregate fractions 0/4, 4/8 and 8/16 mm and two comparative mixtures were prepared. In four of these mixtures, 25% of Portland cement were replaced by coal fly ash. After 7, 28 and 90 days of hardening, samples were tested on flexural strength and compression strength. Results showed, that specimens containing full replacement of fraction 8/16 mm of glass cullet reached the highest compressive strength 43.32 MPa corresponding to concrete strength class C 30/37. Partial cement replacement by coal fly ash leads to low compressive strength after 7, 28 and 90 days of curing. Use of coloured glass bottle cullet in concrete should not have negative impact on the strength characteristics of hardened concrete and should have positive effects for preparing quality fair-faced concrete surfaces.

Abstract: This work focuses on characterization of gypsum building materials based on used plaster mould and automotive safety glass waste. The used plaster mould was another source of relatively high purity calcium sulfate. Meanwhile, automotive print-screened glass waste derived from glass machining processes and sedimented as a lump of glass powder was rich in silica. The used mould was ground and calcined in order to convert gypsum dihydrate into hemihydrate while the glass lump was dried and become loose cullet powder. The waste materials were thoroughly mixed and cast into blocks, using used plaster mould. Various glass waste contents from 0, 5, 10, 15 to 20 %wt were employed as a filler. Chemical compositions of the mix were carefully characterized. Phase content microstructural features were also determined. Development in compressive strength as well as water resistance were investigated. The experimental works showed that the addition of the glass waste in the used plaster mould containing gypsum bodies could comparatively improve both strength and water insolubility.

Abstract: The aim of this work is to study the recycling of glass cullet (waste glass), fly ash, and rice husk ash as the foam glass, a porous construction material having high compressive strength but low density, which are similar to the light weight brick. The foam glasses were prepared by mixing the ground glass cullet/ash mixtures with calcium carbonate (foaming agent) at 1 wt% and sodium silicate solution (binder) at 10 wt%, and then compacted into the rectangle shapes (30 cm × 30 cm × 7cm) which were fired at 650 °C for 30 min, and then for 1 hour at 750, 800, 850, or 900 °C. The sources of glass cullet were art glass factory and glass window industry. The percentages of ash in the ground glass cullet/ash (fly ash or rice husk ash) mixtures were 20, 40, and 60 wt%. The results showed that the foam glass that was made from 80wt% window glass/ 20wt% fly ash and fired at 750 °C had the most suitable properties for being produced commercially because it had good alkaline resistant, and the compressive strength and degree of water absorption better than the light weight brick (G2-type and G4-type autoclaved aerated concrete) while the density was similar to G2-type but lower than G4-type. The compressive strength, density, and degree of water absorption of this foam glass were 59.9 kg/cm², 421 kg/m³, and 2.1 % respectively. Furthermore, as of September 2013, the total production cost (materials, labor, energy, etc.) of this foam glass is about 16 baht per piece (20 cm × 60 cm × 7.5 cm) which is 12.5 to 43.75% lower than the wholesale price of a light weight brick (18-23 baht per piece for G2-type and G4-type autoclaved aerated concrete).

Abstract: Lateritic soil treated with up to 20% glass cullet content was subjected to grain-size distribution, consistency tests, specific gravity tests, compaction using standard proctor, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), unconfined compression test, direct shear test and permeability tests. The study showed increase in grain sizes resulting in coarser soil, changes in moisture-density relationship, resulting in lower Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and higher Maximum Dry Density (MDD), an increase in CBR, an increase in unconfined compressive strength (UCS); changes in cohesion-frictional angle relationship resulting in lower cohesion (c) and higher angle of internal friction (Φ) and an increase in co-efficient of permeability, k, with increased glass cullet treatment. These results show an improvement in geotechnical properties, making glass cullet-lateritic soil blend; a potentially good highway material and suggesting the suitability of the blend for embankments, structural and non-structural fill and retaining wall backfill.

Abstract: Gypsum building materials can be made from either natural resources or industrial residues. This work introduces the gypsum mixture based on domestic industrial wastes. The waste used as a calcium sulfate source in the mix is FGD gypsum from a power generation plant. Meanwhile, the silica-rich sources, i.e. diatomite, derived from brewery production, and soda-lime glass cullet from automotive safety glass industry are also employed. These wastes were pretreated before mixing and the compositions of the waste-based gypsum were carefully formulated and characterized. Phase presence and microstructural information were determined. Development in strength as well as water resistance was examined. The experimental work suggested that the addition of diatomite can significantly increase both strength and water insolubility.

Abstract: This paper described new effective glass bottle fracture process for glass recycling by underwater shockwave. The high-speed fracture behaviors of glass bottles by explosive energy were discussed. In the proposed technique, the washing process can be skipped because the bottle crushing process execute in water. As a result, the recycling cost can be decreased. In order to clarify the behaviors of glass bottle fracture, the bottle was painted by 5 colors. The crushing experiment was executed under four explosive conditions. The influence of various explosive conditions on the cullet sizes were calcified by using painted bottle.