Papers by Keyword: Glycerol

Abstract: The flexibility and durability of biopolymers are enhanced by the supplementation of plasticizers. Various types of plasticizers are commonly utilized. This research aims to investigate the effects of different plasticizer types on the characteristics of biopolymer films prepared from tamarind kernel powder (TKP) and gelatin crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Three types of plasticizers were examined: glycerol, sorbitol, and polyethylene glycol. The concentration of plasticizers was controlled at 1% w/w. The chemical and mechanical properties of the films were analyzed. The results indicated that the plasticizers differentially improved the mechanical properties of the biopolymer films. Additionally, the opacity, color, and water solubility of the films were influenced by the type of plasticizer used. The TKP-gelatin film supplemented with sorbitol exhibited improved mechanical properties, as indicated by both higher tensile strength and elongation at break, compared with that supplemented with glycerol and polyethylene glycol.

Abstract: Cassava shell starch and crab shell chitosan can be used as basic for bioplastics with glycerol and additives such as zinc oxide (ZnO) to improve their mechanical properties. This study used the variables of ZnO percentage and crab shell chitosan mass, which has never been done before. This research process was carried out in several stages, the first was bioplastic synthesis using cassava shell starch, glycerol, and crab shell chitosan with variations of 1 g and 1.5 g with zinc oxide (ZnO) of 3% and 5% of the total mass of starch. The limitations of the research are that the thickness of the tensile test samples is only 0.1-1 mm and the method for making bioplastics is the solution casting method. The second stage is characterization using FTIR to analyze the functional groups of cassava peel starch. Next, observe the morphology on the sample surface using an optical microscope, then a tensile test is carried out to calculate the tensile strength value using the ASTM D882 standard. The results of this research show that the highest tensile strength value for the 1.5 g chitosan and 5% ZnO variation was 10,353 MPa, while the lowest was for the 1 g chitosan and 3% ZnO variation at 4,526 MPa. The elongation value obtained was the highest in the variation of 1.5 g of chitosan and 3% zinc oxide at 10.508%. Meanwhile, the lowest ductility value was found in specimens with variations of 1 g of chitosan and 5% zinc oxide, amounting to 6.716%. The level of water resistance from the swelling test was found to be the highest with the 1.5 g chitosan and 5% zinc oxide variation with water absorption of 23.14%, however, the highest water absorption of 39.36% was obtained with the 1 gr chitosan and zinc oxide variation 3%. Optical microscope testing on the surface of samples of variations of 1.5 g chitosan and 5% zinc oxide showed the best physical properties. Therefore, the addition of reinforcement in the form of chitosan and zinc oxide affects the tensile strength value of the bioplastic film, where the higher the amount of reinforcement used, the higher the strength value produced.

Abstract: The mechanical strength and structural stability of gelatin film were enhanced by crosslinking with dialdehyde cellulose (DC), having an aldehyde content of 65%. However, the elasticity of the film was improved by plasticizers. The recent work aims to examine the effect of plasticizer type on the characteristics of the gelatin film crosslinked with DC (GDC). The results demonstrated that the weight loss of the films increased after 24 hours of immersion in distilled water, resulting in diminished structural stability compared to the GDC film without adding a plasticizer. Insignificant differences in mechanical properties were observed among the GDC-plasticizer films. The GDC film with glycerol had the most vivid yellow hue, followed by the ones with PEG and sorbitol, respectively. Following a better appearance, the GDC film supplemented with sorbitol could be a potential candidate for packaging application.

Abstract: Preparation of Edible Film with the Addition of Red Ginger Extract (Zingiber Officinale Var. Rubrum) and Its Application to Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) has been carried out. The purpose of this study was to analyze the optimum concentration of adding red ginger extract to edible films on the physical and mechanical properties and to analyze the optimum concentration of adding red ginger extract to edible films on the shelf life of tomatoes. The working principle of making edible films is by varying the red ginger extract 0; 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 and 1% were analyzed by testing the thickness, tensile strength, elongation, young's modulus, and WVTR as well as analyzing the addition of red ginger variations 0; 0.25; 0.50; 0.75 and 1% for testing the shelf life of tomatoes in the form of texture tests and FTIR tests. The addition of red ginger variations had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the thickness, tensile strength, elongation, and modulus of young edible film at the optimum concentration of 0.50% with a thickness value of 0.100 mm, tensile strength 4.696 Mpa, elongation 0.194%, modulus young 26.68 Mpa, and WVTR 15.85 g/m2.hour.

Abstract: The synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol has garnered significant research attention because of its wide application in the lithium-ion battery and pharmaceutical industries. This study summarizes the catalytic transformation of glycerol to glycerol carbonate using Na and K titanate nanotubes as catalysts. We report the synthesis of Na and K titanate nanotubes catalyst by a simple co-precipitation route and investigate their catalytic activity in the transesterification of glycerol. The physicochemical properties of the Na and K titanate nanotubes catalyst were successfully studied by CO2-TPD and XRD. The designed catalyst possesses high catalytic efficiency and stability in the transesterification reaction of glycerol. Based on its surface area and basicity, several experiments were performed, and it was observed that under optimized conditions (i.e., 5 wt.% catalyst loading, 5:1 molar ratio of DMC to glycerol, 90 °C, and 90 min), the highest conversion of glycerol was achieved, 92.6% glycerol carbonate. The high thermal stability and recyclability make it an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate.

Abstract: Transdermal patches find extensive application in both medicine and cosmetics, offering distinct functional properties based on their unique formulations. In this study, polymer film patches were developed using a mixture design methodology, incorporating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), glycerol (GLY), and deionized water (DW). To investigate the impact of the mixture on patch viscosity, seventeen different mixtures were designed using extreme vertices and were prepared through a simple casting technique. The special quartic model proved to be the most suitable for explaining the relationship between ingredients and predicting viscosity, as it demonstrated impressive statistical performance with a standard deviation of 296.237, an R-squared value of 99.80%, and a mean absolute percentage error of 4.24%. To validate the accuracy of our viscosity predictions, five mixture ratios were randomly selected from the contour plots, resulting in a mean absolute percentage error of 7.71%. In evaluating viscosity and mixture ratio, PVA demonstrated a significant influence compared to other constituents. Higher levels of PVP correlated with increased viscosity, whereas increased GLY concentration led to decreased viscosity. Additionally, the impact of GLY on viscosity diminishes with higher concentrations of PVP and PVA, aligning with the antagonistic terms PVP*GLY and PVA*GLY. Furthermore, antagonistic behavior was observed for the PVA*DW interactions, while synergistic tendencies were observed for the PVA*PVP interaction.

Abstract: Recently, biodiesel production has increased condiserably due to the use of B30 in Indonesia. As a side product of biodiesel production, glycerol is also produced in large amount. Glycerol conversion to fuel additive is one of promising path for glycerol utilization. Solketal is one of fuel additives that can be derived from glycerol and it may enhance octane number on gasoline. Solketal can be synthesized from glycerol and aceton by using Amberlyst-36 as catalyst. The aim of this paper was to study the effect of catalyst loading to glycerol conversion as well as to develop a kinetic model to correlate catalyst loading to kinetic parameter. A series of experiments were conducted in a batch reactor heated in water bath, equipped with cooler, and stirrer speed at 650 rpm for 180 minutes, mole ratio glycerol to acetone is 1:4, at temperature 500 C, varying catalyst loading at 1, 3, 5, 7 wt. %. The result showed that the highest glycerol conversion was achieved as high as 88.19% at 500 C temperature using 7 wt. % of catalyst.

Abstract: Glycerol is an important chemical and widely used in many applications. Glycerol can be produced from a biodiesel industry as a by-product. In order to improve the economic value of glycerol as a by-product, it can be reacted with acetone to form solketal. Solketal can be used as a fuel additive to increase octane number. Reaction between glycerol and acetone can be catalyzed by Amberlyst-36. The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of mole ratio of glycerol:acetone and reaction temperature to the glycerol conversion. The process of acetalization was conducted in a batch reactor equipped with heater, temperature control, cooler and stirrer. The weight of catalyst was set on 5% based mass of glycerol and the stirrer speed was set on 650 rpm with reaction time of 3 hours. The mole ratio of glycerol to acetone was varied at 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6, and the temperatures were varied on 40, 50 and 55 °C. The results showed that the highest conversion was 86.61 %, which was obtained at 120 minutes reaction, 50 °C and 1:6 mole ratio.

Abstract: A plasticizer is one of the essential substances for biopolymer film fabrication. Generally, plasticizers enhance the elasticity of the film by interrupting the hydrogen bonds of the polymer chains. Different types and amounts of plasticizers play important roles in the mechanical properties of the biopolymer film. Glycerol and sorbitol are the most popular plasticizers for biopolymer film production because of their safety for use as food additives (approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA) and cost-effectiveness. The objective of this research is to study the influence of glycerol and sorbitol on the properties of the biopolymer film fabricated from tamarind kernel powder (TKP). The plasticizer content was controlled at 5% w/w. The weight ratio between glycerol and sorbitol was varied as 5:0, 4:1, 3:2, 2.5:2.5, 2:3, 1:4, and 0:5, respectively. The physical characteristics of the films were analyzed. The results demonstrated that glycerol and sorbitol improved the mechanical properties of the biopolymer film differently. The TKP film supplemented with glycerol and sorbitol could be a potential candidate for food packaging.

Abstract: Recent findings on the production of quantum dots from various carbon sources shed light on their advantages such as sustainability, low toxicity and cost, and one-step synthesis over their heavy-metal counterpart. This paper focused on developing and analyzing the production of carbon quantum dots from glycerol via hydrothermal carbonization and conjugated with Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA). A 2³ full factorial experimental design was applied considering factors: the compositional ratio of TEPA (A), time of exposure (B), and temperature of reaction (C). Statistical analyses revealed experimental factors A and B; and interactions of AB and AC had statistically significant effects on the response variable, quantum yield (QY). Factor C as the main effect was not significant but was included in the statistical model to maintain hierarchy and integrity. Coded and actual statistical models were presented here.