Papers by Keyword: Greenhouse Gas

Abstract: As one of the pillar industries for social development and economic construction, cement manufacture is energy and carbon-intensive, whose greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions account for more than 6% of total global man-made GHG emission annually. With the growing attention on the problem of global warming, researching and promoting low-carbon manufacturing technologies to reduce GHG emissions have become the main trend in the development of cement industry under the new era. This article sorted out the low-carbon technologies for cement production reported in recent years, introduced the mainstream methods of GHG accounting and assessment such as life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint analysis (CFA), meanwhile reviewed the articles in the field of low-carbon technology and assessment methods in cement production, moreover, discussed the merits and demerits of various assessment methods and applicable fields, in order to provide suggestions and supports for low-carbon transformation of cement industry.

Abstract: The development and application of light aggregate concrete blocks are considered as one of the key issue that promote the energy saving and emission reduction in construction and building materials industries. In this paper, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of light aggregate concrete blocks during the whole life cycle were analyzed based on life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The results demonstrated that the amount of GHG emissions of the light aggregate concrete block was 174 kg/m³ in the system boundary of ‘from cradle to gate’. The direct GHG emissions was 51.31 kg/m³ accounting for 28.46% of the aggregate emission, while the indirect GHG emissions was 124 kg/m³. The cement production and the concrete block production were the main contributors to the total emissions. According to the sensitivity analysis, the GHG emissions amount was quite sensitive to the amount of cement and ceramsite consumption.

Abstract: Climate change in Indonesia is receiving a lot of concern as the nation is the top ten world largest emitter of the greenhouse gases. To relieve the concern, Indonesia had proposed to cut the gas emissions by 26 percent by 2020 from business-as-usual (BAU) levels and proposed a 41 percent emission reduction below BAU target conditional to international support for Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). This study deals with the strategy in reducing the acceleration of the greenhouse gas emission from the power sector in Southeast Sulawesi, a developing province in Indonesia with its high electricity demand in recent years. It calculates of the annual greenhouse emission from the electricity generation mix in this province, using the projected annual electricity generation and projected power plants installed under the power supply business plan (RPUTL) of the state electricity company (PLN Indonesia) and the lifecycle carbon dioxide emission equivalent. Some scenarios are proposed, by varying the power generation mix in the case of inclusion and exclusion the projected clean renewable powers in the year of 2020 and 2022. The result shows that in 2020, by the inclusion of the projected clean renewable powers in the power generation mix (around 5 percent), it can reduce the annual greenhouse gas emission almost 6 percent. In 2022, by maintaining the amount of the power generation from fossil sources as those in 2020 and maximizing the use of the clean powers in the electricity generation mix (around 20 percent), under the power provision plan, it can reduce the emission by 26 percent.

Abstract: Among individual techniques of wood treatment, there are highly significant differences in the greenhouse gas balance. Greenhouse gases have, according to the currently adopted global convention, a major impact on global warming and climate change. Nevertheless, there are also sceptical opinions on the scientific basis of such concept. As well as the natural processes of tree growth and the end of their life cycle, the wood processing technologies also affect the balance of greenhouse gases on Earth. The current natural forest without human intervention does not have to reduce greenhouse gas emissions definitely, but can also be the source of their emissions. Also, technological, particularly thermal, processes have different contribution to the production of greenhouse gases. The submitted paper presents the context of warming and cooling of the Earth during its development with a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Further, the indicative greenhouse gas balance, respectively, CO₂ generated at thermal wood processing processes, are analysed.

Abstract: South Korea is implementing policies to save energy and reduce greenhouse gases. As presented in the 4th report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), buildings have high potential for reducing greenhouse gases, and energy consumption in buildings is actually increasing. Buildings can be classified into the home, commercial, and public sectors. Among these, effects of the greenhouse gas reduction policy for residential buildings, which correspond to the home sector, are difficult to expect because they depend on voluntary participation. An analysis of the related practices showed that the potential greenhouse gas reduction until 2014 is 1,314 tCO₂/yr, but the expected greenhouse gas emissions of residential buildings constructed only this year (2014) amount to 37,984 tCO₂/yr. Greenhouse gas reduction effects in residential buildings are difficult to expect from current practices. Therefore, practical programs to improve energy efficiency for existing and new buildings are required.

Abstract: CO₂ injection into coal seams can not only enhance coalbed methane recovery (ECBM), but also reduce greenhouse gas emission into atmosphere. This paper describes some factors affecting CBM primary production, ECBM recovery and CO₂ sequestration in coal seams; and calculates CBM recovery quantity with primary production, the ECBM recovery potential quantity and CO₂ sequestration capacity in coal seams of West Henan Province. The results show that CBM primary and ECBM recovery potential quantity are estimated to be over 2147.278 and 1656.217 Gm³. The prediction also indicates that CO₂ sequestration potential quantity is about 3233.79 Gm³.

Abstract: The municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one major concern in Cambodia due to complicated problems from waste sector. Until now, because of poor MSWM, solid wastes have produced high pollution, like methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are the substances of greenhouse gas affect to climate change. Therefore, this study was undertaken to estimate and compare the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from municipal solid waste in different cities namely; Phnom Penh, Battambang, and Siem Reap of Cambodia. GHG emission was calculated through Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) calculator 2006 based on secondary data of 2009 for all cities. In order to reduce the GHG emission, four scenarios were proposed with different waste treatment technologies such as composting, anaerobic digestion, waste reduction at landfill by separating waste for recycling before disposal off in landfill, and landfill with gas recovery as well. Additionally, the multiple benefits of implementing the proposed scenarios may include reduction of GHG emission, promotion of energy saving for landfill operation, and promotion of the renewable energy concept like electricity.

Abstract: Although the manufacturing businesses have played an important role in generating the highest GDP for Thailand, they also emit more greenhouse gas (GHG) than other sectors. Due to the cap and trade scheme by European Union (EU), the carbon footprint is the GHG emitted by products, organization or persons and it has to be tracked and recorded. Since the ceramic production process also has a major contribution on the emission, its carbon footprint is a piece of product information which cannot be ignored. In this research, the carbon footprint for the whole life cycle of a local ceramic product was recorded and calculated. It is interesting to note that the resource extraction stage has contributed to the highest emission followed by the product use, manufacturing, disposal and distribution. The results from this research are useful for local ceramic manufacturers who want to export their products to the EU countries and it is also important for the customers who are concerned about the environment.

Abstract: Carbon footprint of three scrapped cable and wire recycling processing plants was analyzed by examining the annual carbon emission and trend for 2009-2011. Among the six greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, SF₆, HFCs, and PFCs), the annual emission of CO₂ was the highest (>95%), while remaining gases only accounted for less than 5% of the total greenhouse gas emission. When analyzing the collected data based on different frontier categories, Category II (greenhouse gas emission indirect caused by electricity consumption) had the highest emission proportion (>57%). It is because the machines used for the physic-mechanical processing procedure require a lot of electricity. In order to do emission inventory accurately and control the electricity consumption, laws or regulations should stimulate electricity consumption to be recorded and monitored separately for each operation permit. It is also recommended to record and monitor electricity consumption of administration area and the manufacturing/processing area separately. Results of this study revealed that the average emission factor for processing recycled cables and wires using a physic-mechanical method was 0.0474±0.0162 tonnes of CO₂e per tonne of material processed. If the calculation was based on the amount of products generated, the EF of average greenhouse gases was 0.1613±0.0589 tonnes of CO₂e per tonne of plastics, 0.0766±0.0278 tonnes of CO₂e per tonne of copper, 1.7891±1.4572 tonnes of CO₂e per tonne of aluminum, and 2.1030±1.6937 tonnes of CO₂e per tonne of iron.

Abstract: The objective of this research was to determine the global warming potential (GWP) of office furniture in Thailand. The life cycle of product was carried out from a gate-to-gate perspective according to life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, using global warming potential as the selected impact category. According to the results, the environmental impact of global warming is the seat backrest; seat frame and seat recline, respectively. To improve the production of seat frame, the piece that the environmental impacts of global warming as much as possible can help reduce the impact on the environment caused by the release of toxins into the air decreases..