Papers by Keyword: Growth

Abstract: Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important source of food which provide diet to more than 50% of Nigerias population. A principal objective in modern agriculture is to enhance productivity while adhering to ecological principles, creating a demand for sustainable pest management strategies like biocontrol agents (BCAs). The fungus Trichoderma, a prominent BCA, employs a multi-enzymatic system to exert its biocontrol effects. Its efficacy is largely attributed to enzymes that degrade pathogen cell walls, improve resilience against biotic and abiotic stressors, and support robust hyphal development. Trichoderma viride was isolated and identified using morphological and molecular techniques, with ITS sequencing and subsequent BLAST analysis on the NCBI database. The experiment consists of four treatments (FAR044; treated with Trichoderma viride and control; SIPPIRICE; treated with Trichoderma viride) laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD). The result demonstrated statistically significant enhancements in plant growth parameters due to Trichoderma viride treatment, with P-value of (p = 0.001) for treatment type, (p = 0.001) for time (week), and (p = 0.002) for the treatment-time interaction. By Week 5, Trichoderma viride-treated Far044 plants exhibited a mean height of 10.0 ± 0.8 cm, leaf blade length of 6.0 ± 0.5 cm, and 8.0 ± 0.6 shoots per plant, surpassing untreated controls by 34.5%, 32.1%, and 53.8%, respectively. Cohen's d effect sizes for these parameters were substantial: 1.5 (plant height), 1.4 (leaf size), and 1.7 (shoot number), all indicative of large treatment effects. Sippirice plants displayed analogous trends but with reduced increments: 7.2 cm height gain (vs. 10.0 cm in Far044), 4.3 cm leaf expansion (vs. 6.0 cm), and 6.5 shoots (vs. 8.0), reflecting varietal differences in growth responsiveness. These findings position Trichoderma viride as a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides, particularly for resource-constrained regions like Nigeria and promote the Growth of plant and ultimately increased the grain yield significantly compared to control without any hazardous effect on the environment.

Abstract: Organoid as a 3D structured model in vitro has difficulty in controlling its size. This issue becomes problematic when it is applied in a microfluidic source and sink-based because different dimension leads to different exposure to morphogen resulting in different cell fate. As a model used for biomedical purposes, this problem could lead to a discrepancy. This research is imposed to implement the forecasting method to study the dynamic of organoid growth profile. This approach could help a better understanding via spatiotemporal perspective complemented with a mathematical formula. The forecasting approach that clarifies the trend of this organoid growth by assessing whether the decided trend fits in every (or particular) stage (or not) has not been informed yet. Neural tube organoids have four different mechanical stiffness (0,5 kPa, 2 kPa, 4 kPa, 8kPa) which are documented in three days by time-lapse microscopy used in this experiment. These objects are mapped in a spatiotemporal fashion investigated in the profile and assessed by exponential trend. The actual phenomenon and forecasted result are evaluated by Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Based on the result, the profile of organoid growth indicates that the organoid develops mostly following an exponential profile with the highest R2 value of 0,9868 and the lowest being 0,8734. Based on the MAPE value calculation it could be confirmed that the MAPE value on day 3 is the highest among the others indicating that the extended time of growth tends to have a different profile rather than the exponential trend after day 2. It should be noted that on the lowest stiffness (0,5 kPa) the mechanical properties do not significantly affect the organoid size during the development. Almost all (11 by 12 data or 91,6%) of the MAPE value is in excellent criteria (the value is less than 10%). Only one data does not belong to that classification which is in 8 kPa on day 3. Indicating that the higher stiffness the stronger effect on the system. From the axis development perspective, the organoid does not follow any specific pattern. This research could be a reference for a better understanding of the organoid growth profile in the 3D matrix environment which is nowadays become a hot topic in biomedical applications.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effect of using chitosan polymeric nanoparticles (CNPs) on improving the efficiency of hydroalcoholic extract of Thymbra spicata (TS) on the growth parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed with the experimental diets containing different levels of TS extract with and without CNPs. Thymbra spicata loaded chitosan polymeric nanoparticles (TSCNPs) were prepared by ionic gelation methods in the presence of sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of TSCNPs showed that the strong peaks due to hydroxyl groups (OH) and alcohol and amine (NH) were shifted to 3427 cm⁻¹, and peak wide has expanded due to increased hydrogen bonds. The FT-IR results were proved the interaction of CNPs and TS extract. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging showed a spherical shape, smooth and homogeneous structure for nanoparticles. In zetasizer results, nanoparticles size average, poly dispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and zeta average (d.nm) were 86.1 nm, 0.21, 31.3 mV, and 83.3, respectively. In energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results, the major compounds of TSCNPs included C, O, Al, Cl, Mg, K, and Ca. At the UV-Visible spectrum, the absorption of TS extract based on the absorption of flavonoids was observed at 430 nm. Obtained results showed that the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the nanoparticles was 94.1%. In vitro, a gradual and acidic dependent period of 120 h was observed in TS release conditions. After eight weeks of feeding, the addition of 400 mg kg^-1 diet of TSCNPs resulted in significant improvement in the final weight, final length, specific growth rate (SGR), and survival (S) (P < 0.05). This research suggests that loading Thymbra spicata hydroalcoholic extracts on chitosan polymeric nanoparticles increased the efficiency of plant extract compared to extract pure form and improved the growth performance in rainbow trout.

Abstract: Soybean seedlings were treated with different phosphorus (P) concentrations for 20 days to investigate their growth and development. The root growth and development of soybean seedlings was the best when the concentration of phosphorus was 250 μmol/L. After 20 days of cultivation at this concentration, the roots of soybean seedlings were developed, indicating that the main root length, lateral root length, and the number of lateral root was the best among all treatments, and the number of lateral roots was quite a few. In addition, when the concentration of P was at 250 μmol/L, it had a better promotion effect on the plant height of soybean seedlings, and could significantly enhance the development of soybean seedlings. Moreover, the growth of soybean seedlings would be inhibited at the condition of phosphorus deficiency or excessive phosphorus. In this experiment, the growth indexes of soybean seedlings were compared between four treatments of phosphorus concentration, so as to make a basic study on the physiological effect of soybean on phosphorus in early stage.

Abstract: The structural-phase state of two-dimensional (d = 1 - 3 ML) coatings before and after annealing and that of Fe nanolayers (d = 4 - 10 ML) were investigated on Si (001)2×1 by electron spectroscopy methods of Auger-electrons and energy losses. The room (30 °С) and lowed (≤ 1250 °С) temperatures of the Si (001) substrate and Fe vapor, respectively, were used during Fe deposition. This study showed the following. An ordered two-dimensional 1×1 phase of Fe stable up to 600 °C and then a Fe₂Si wetting coating stable at 250 °C form near the thickness 1 ML and 3 ML, respectively. Fe deposition on this Fe₂Si coating leads to the one-after-another formation of the Fe₃Si, the Si-in-Fe solution, and then a stable up to 250 °C Fe nanofilm with segregated Si.

Abstract: Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) films were epitaxially grown on (100)-Oriented silicon and c-plane sapphire (α-Al2O3) substrates via a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) method with boron trichloride (BCl3) and ammonia (NH3) as the boron source and nitrogen source. Crystalline quality differences between hBN films grown on different substrates are studied and discussed by XPS, Raman spectroscopy, XRD and SEM characterizations. All the characterization results indicate that the sapphire substrate is more suitable for epitaxial growth of hBN films than silicon substrates.

Abstract: In this manuscript, the structural properties such as the distance inter-reticular of samples is studied, In the fact, four samples were used symbolized as follows: E tAg(Å), the only difference is the thickness of the Silver buffer layer (tAg= 0, 50, 100 and 150 Å) to find out how the thickness of this layer depends on the structural characteristics of the Iron thin layer, all samples are deposited using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at room temperature onto Si (100) substrate. The structural properties of all samples examined using X-ray diffraction method at small and high angles. The small angles X-Ray diffraction curves confirmed to us that there is a clear difference between the surface structure of the samples by varying the number of Kiessig Fringes, Also high angles X-Ray diffraction curves assured us this difference through the clear variation in the angular positions of the peaks of Bragg and the distances inter-reticular values from a sample to the other.

Abstract: The morphology and structure of iron silicide nanorods formed on Si (111) vicinal surface by the SPE method at T = 630 °C were studied. Optimal Fe coverage and Fe deposition rate for the formation of a dense array of the nanorods (54-65% of the substrate area) on Si (111) surface with 3-4^o miscut angles were established. The aspect ratio of the nanorods is 1.9 – 3.3. Cross-sectional images of a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) have shown that the nanorods have α-FeSi₂ crystal structure. They are strained along the “a” axis and stretched along the “c” axis, which increased the unit cell volume by 10.3%. According to HRTEM image analysis, the nanorods have the following epitaxial relationships: α-FeSi₂[01]//Si [10] and α-FeSi₂(112)//Si (111). All the data obtained have provided, for the first time, a direct evidence of α-FeSi₂ nanorods formation on Si (111) vicinal surface without noticeable penetration of Fe atoms into the Si substrate.

Abstract: The nucleation and growth of oxides formed on Fe-Mn (1 wt.%) binary alloy during annealing were investigated. The recrystallized samples were heated to 800°C and kept at this temperature for 60 s in N₂ / H₂ (5 vol.%) with a dew point of-40°C. The heating process was also interrupted at different temperatures, namely 650, 700, 750 and 800°C. The annealed samples were then observed by scanning electron microscopy. Image analysis was performed to obtain the surface density and size of the oxides. The influence of the ferrite grain orientation on the oxides’ nucleation and growth was studied by Electron Back Scattered Diffraction. The annealed Fe-Mn surfaces were covered by oxide crystals whose shape, surface density and size strongly depended on the underlying ferrite grain orientation. The oxides’ nucleation occurred first on Fe {110} grain, their surface density was the largest on Fe {100}, and their size was the largest on Fe {110}.

Abstract: Overall kinetics of lamellar overaging reactions in U-5.5Nb and U-7.5Nb were analyzed by Avrami-Arrhenius analyses of volume fractions measured from an extensive temperature-time (T-t) matrix of specimens. The cellular initiation site (grain boundaries, inclusions) and regimes of lamellar divergency-cum-slowing growth rate were explicitly accounted for. Avrami exponents n from T-t regimes of constant-growth rate were consistent with theory (1<n<3); those from divergent T-t regimes were smaller, n~0.7, which is not surprising given their different growth rate behavior. The apparent activation energies Q were similar for grain-boundary and inclusion-nucleated discontinuous precipitation, indicating that their nucleation site does not alter their overall kinetics. Avrami Analysis of Isothermal Aging Kinetics