Papers by Keyword: Heterogeneous Catalyst

Abstract: The amount of energy consumed is rising daily, which is swiftly depleting the availability of fossil fuels. Because fossil fuels release warming gases into the environment, they have several negative environmental consequences and contribute to global warming. To fulfill the growing demand for high-quality biodiesel, one practical solution is to employ metal: oxide nano-catalysts in transesterification of animal or vegetable oils. this review outlines into the prevalence of various metal oxide nanocatalysts, such as magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide, which have recently gained popularity as a means to accelerate the production of sustainable biodiesel. Converting typical metal oxide heterogeneous catalysts into nanoparticles enhances their surface configuration, porosity, crystallinity, chemical and thermal stability, and porosity. Metallic oxide nanocatalysts help make more biodiesel by lowering the reaction temperature and length and speeding up the transesterification reaction. Metal oxide nanoparticles assist in the production of biodiesel, which meets international standards and is of exceptional quality. As a result, the metal oxide nanocatalyst may be further optimized as a promising contender for the global energy business in the future.

Abstract: Research on phosphated silica (PO₄/SiO₂) as a heterogeneous acid catalyst in the dehydration reaction of ethanol into diethyl ether has been carried out. The PO₄/SiO₂ was prepared from TEOS by a wet impregnation method with various concentrations of H₃PO₄ (1, 2, 3, 4 M) and calcination temperatures (400, 500, and 600 °C) to obtain it with an optimum acidity. Afterward, the catalysts were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, SAA, and TG-DTA. Ethanol dehydration was run using a fixed-batch reactor with a flow of N₂ gas, and GC determined the selectivity of diethyl ether. The PS-4-400 catalyst had the highest activity and selectivity in the ethanol dehydration to diethyl ether at a temperature of 225 °C, with a conversion of 58.00% and a DEE selectivity of 3.71%.

Abstract: The consumption of fuel oil in all countries in the world is always increasing. Indonesia is one of the countries that are still dependent on fuel oil, especially for transportation and industry. Biodiesel is known as an alternative to diesel fuel that is believed to be able to overcome the problems of world energy needs. One of the raw materials that have the potential to be biodiesel is Waste Cooking Oil (WCO). This research aims to study the Na₂O/Fly ash catalyst preparation process used for the transesterification reaction of WCO into biodiesel, study of purifying WCO as a raw material in biodiesel, analyze the effect of the methanol molar ratio to oil, catalyst loading and reaction time on the transesterification process in terms of the yield of the reaction, density, viscosity and an acid number of biodiesel product. The research method was begun preparation of Na₂O/Fly ash catalyst and purification of WCO with despicing and neutralization methods. Afterwards, the transesterification process was running by varying %wt of the catalyst, the molar ratio of methanol to oil, and reaction time. The percentage weight of the catalyst used is 4% and 6% to the WCO weight, the molar ratio of methanol to oil is 6:1 and 8:1, and the transesterification reaction time used is 60, 80, 100 and 120 minutes. The results showed that the Free Fatty Acids (FFA) of WCO raw material was 3.102%, but after the despicing and neutralization processes were carried out, the FFA of WCO decreased to 2.538% and 0.282%, respectively. The optimal condition for the biodiesel production process was obtained when the catalyst weight is 6% with a molar ratio of methanol to oil by 8:1 which runs in 120 minutes. In these conditions, the obtained yield of reaction results are 99,09%, density 882 kg/m³, viscosity 11.15 cSt and an acid number of 0.2244 mg KOH/g. The results of XRD analysis on the catalyst Na₂O/Fly ash is dominant by alumina (Al₂O₃), silica (SiO₂), ferrous oxide (Fe₂O₃), calcium oxide (CaO), and natrium oxide (Na₂O) compositions. Moreover, GCMS analysis on biodiesel showed that the methyl ester content formed was 98.13%. Based on parameters above, density and acid number has met the quality standards of SNI 7182: 2015.

Abstract: Due to the greenhouse effect of increased fossil fuel use, resulting in an increase in the period during which fossil fuels will remain available. Because of its advantages for the environment and its production from renewable resources, biodiesel has grown more appealing. As there is a supply of used cooking oil, interest in producing biodiesel is rising. This research examines how CaO and sawdust function as heterogeneous catalysts in transesterification regarding ethanol to produce bio-diesel from the used cooking oil. The impacts of the subsequent variables on the yield of the created biodiesel were investigated. Those parameters include the catalyst concentration (0.5-3 wt%), reaction period (1-4 hr), the molar ratio of ethanol to oil (8:1– 20:1), and temperature (45 to 80 °C). This led to the discovery that CaO catalyst is more efficient compared to the sawdust catalyst, with the maximum percentage yield being 75% for the sawdust catalyst and 95% for the CaO catalyst under catalyst conditions (0.50%), ethanol oil molar ratio of 20:1, and 65 Celsius temperature for 3 hours. It was evident from the results that the biodiesel fuel produced by the catalyst developed in this study fell within the acceptable range of biodiesel fuel.

Abstract: Synthesis of patchouli acetate and propionate from patchouli oil and carboxylic acids (acetic acid and propionic acid) has been carried out through esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out at 100 °C for 3 h in the presence of homogeneous (HCl and H₂SO₄) and heterogeneous (activated zeolite) catalysts. The esterification products were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. The results showed that the reaction using acetic acid as the acid precursor in the presence of HCl, H₂SO₄, and zeolite gave patchouli acetate in 42, 48, and 38%, respectively. In addition, the esterification of patchouli oil using propionic acid in the presence of HCl, H₂SO₄, and zeolite produced patchouli propionate in 40, 54, and 36%, respectively.

Abstract: In this study, Amberlyst-15 as heterogeneous catalyst was used for the reduction of free fatty acid (FFA) from the palm oil mill effluent (POME) for biodiesel production with acid-catalyzed esterification process. The objective of this study was to decrease a high FFA in POME to less than 2 wt.% FFA, for used as a raw material to produce biodiesel in the second-step transesterification process. Amberlyst-15 as an eco-friendly catalyst with non-toxic wastes after reactions, when compared to homogeneous catalysts such as sulfuric acid. Therefore, an esterification reaction with a heterogeneous acid catalyst was carried out to examine the FFA conversions. The conditions of two parameters of Amberlyst-15 catalyst (10–40 wt.%), and 1–8 h reaction time were varied, whereas the methanol to oil molar ratio and the speed of the stirrer were fixed at 5:1 and 300 rpm, respectively. As a result, the FFA sharply decreased from 89.16 wt.% to 1.75 wt.% under the conditions of 40 wt.% of Amberlyst-15, 5 h reaction time, 5:1 molar ratio methanol to oil, speed of the 300 rpm stirrer. The Amberlyst-15 had the potential to reduce high FFA in POME using the esterification reaction.

Abstract: The problem associated with biodiesel production is economic feasibility. The biodiesel cost will reduce when the low cost feedstock was used. Kapok seed oil (KSO) is a promising candidate as raw material for biodiesel synthesis. In this research, the investigation of biodiesel synthesis from KSO was studied using Indonesia Natural Zeolite as heterogeneous catalysts. The catalyst was tested to synthesize biodiesel from KSO. The reaction temperatures, KSO to methanol mole ratio, and catalyst amount were varied to examine their effects on biodiesel synthesis. The highest biodiesel yield of 84% were obtained at 65°C of reaction temperature, 1:16 of KSO to methanol mole ratio, and 10% of catalyst amount.

Abstract: In this work, it was proposed to study the feasibility of biodiesel production, from residues of vegetable oils used in domestic activities, employing (CaCO₃) shells prepared like calcium oxide (CaO) as catalysts, in a batch reaction unit, on bench scale, installed at IPEN-CNEN/SP. This unit is capable of operating with high pressure hydrogen gas (up to 200bar) and high temperature (up to 500°C, using microwave - MW (2.450MHz, with up to 2kW continuous and 8kW pulsed) and conventional heating – (electric) MC. In the tests, the oil load (mL), type and mass of catalyst, with or without hydrogen gas pressure (bar), temperature (°C), reaction time (h), microwave power (W), the speed of the load (rpm) agitation and the conventional heating were evaluated. The analytical determinations of the samples were carried out by means of density, gas chromatography (GC) and X-ray fluorescence. Data were collected in order to be compared with other methodologies, already used in the literature. The purpose of this work was to analyze the efficiency of the use of these types of catalysts and oils in the production of biodiesel, as an alternative technology. The Ca and CaO contents found in the pink shell, before and after the calcination, were 36.2% and 98.8%, respectively. The best result obtained for the density was 0.875182g/cm³, for the test with 4g of calcined shell catalyst and reaction of 1h. As to the methyl ester content, the highest result was 95.33%, in a test with 4g of catalyst and reaction of 3h. In the non-calcined shell test (22.5g), although the amount of mass used was much larger (5% of the oil mass), the ester content was very low, 2.11%.

Abstract: Heterogeneous catalyst has been viewed as a promising catalyst for biodiesel production. This study employed Turritella terebra (TT) shell as a source for synthesizing heterogeneous CaO catalyst for biodiesel production via transesterification by utilizing chicken fat as a feedstock. The TT shell CaO catalyst was characterized and its catalytic performance was studied. The spectrographic methods that include FTIR, SEM, PSA, and BET-BJH were employed for characterization of the synthesized CaO. The TT shell CaO catalyst optimally produced chicken fat biodiesel (CFB) with reaction parameters at catalyst concentration of 4 wt%, chicken fat to methanol molar ratio of 1:12, reaction temperature of 60°C, and reaction time of 90 min. The optimal yield was 94.03% and the TT shell CaO catalyst still yield 79.19% of CFB on the fifth cycle of reaction. This study has implied that TT shell is a feasible and attractive renewable source of heterogeneous CaO catalyst for biodiesel production.

Abstract: The problem associated with biodiesel production is economic feasibility. The biodiesel cost will reduce when the low cost feedstock was used as feedstock. Used Cooking Oil (UCO) is a promising candidate as raw material for biodiesel synthesis. In this study, the investigation of biodiesel synthesis from UCO was studied using red mud as heterogeneous catalysts. The catalyst was prepared by impregnating Potassium metals on red mud. The catalyst physico-characteristics were determined using Nitrogen gas adsorption, FT-IR, XRD, and XRF. The catalyst was tested to synthesize biodiesel from UCO. The reaction temperatures, methanol to oil mass ratio, and amount of catalyst were varied to examine their effects on biodiesel synthesis. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained at 60°C of reaction temperature, 10:1 of methanol to oil mass ratio, and 10% of catalyst amount. The highest biodiesel yield of 94.4% was obtained.