Papers by Keyword: History

Abstract: In this paper, a brief history of the contributions of many of the major researchers in the field of solid state diffusion is presented starting from 1829 up to the present day. People who are still making significant contributions to the field are mentioned. The authors are well aware that such an attempt is necessarily incomplete and inevitably based on personal knowledge and flavour.

Abstract: Manganese oxide and metallic manganese have made a long and varied contribution to the production of iron and steel through the centuries, long before Sir Robert Hadfield’s alloy manganese steel first produced in 1882. Although quite well known empirically, this contribution has sometimes been misunderstood or misrepresented.The success of some of the early so-called ‘natural steels’ was the presence of manganese oxides in the iron ores used.Manganese oxide was already used as a flux from the early days of the production of crucible steel in Asia and it now appears that it was used as a flux from the inception of the otherwise very different later European crucible steel technologies. After the introduction of crucible steel making in Britain in the 18^th century, foreign competitors believed that the reason for the success of the processes used at Sheffield was a secret flux and studies on recently discovered 18^th century crucibles in Sheffield have shown that process was indeed fluxed with manganese oxide.The function of manganese in the later European crucible steel industry has been rather overshadowed and confused historically by the very different ‘Carburet of manganese’, a strange concoction, patented by Josiah Heath in 1839 added to iron or steel to purify the metal. At the time the chemistry of the process was misunderstood and many acrimonious and inaccurate claims were made, crucially confusing the very different functions of manganese oxide and manganese metal, overshadowing the part already played by manganese oxide for almost a century previously..Finally manganese and its salts played a crucial role in the Bessemer process of steel making.

Abstract: The Khasis like any other tribe or nation has its own civilization, different, unique and peculiar. Though it is an oral tradition in absence of writings, yet it had been manifested in the permanent objects of nature, this civilization is as old as that of Babylonian, Egyptian and Greek. The present world today with the progress of science and technology can be compared with the Khasi thought in the aspects of his religion (traditional), his social ways of life and the political aspect of regulating his people with a democratic essence of the highest order which the British as late as 1826 only admired without understanding the language. ‘Sohpetbneng’ literally means the navel between heaven and earth. However, in the philosophical thought of our ancestors, the word carries a different connotation. This can be seen and adjudged from the various ways of life of the Khasis as a race or tribe which cannot be effaced from the surface of the universe.The hillock (Lum) ‘Sohpetbneng’ is a divine manifestation of the essence of the Khasi thought which should be protected and preserved as a historical relic before any harm can come to it. The paper will further highlight the importance of the hillock to the Khasi Community and the kind of ritual rites and activities that are being perform on this place till date and the Architectural built components designed and supervised by the author in connection with the ritual rites and activities performed and the need to protect, conserve, preserve and recognized this hillock as one of the Heritage site.

Abstract: The development of architecture in early housing in Malaysia existed in the form of shop house and terrace house which were being introduced and popularized by Chinese migrants who settled in Malaysia before the Colonization by British Empire.This paper will discuss briefly the development of modern terrace house in Malaysia. Terrace house is define as a typology of one storey middle class terrace house in this country based on the existing literature review and our research. Those typologies will be used later for the process of typological assessment of terrace house from the cultural perspective at the end of the research. Thus, this paper is important as a step to understand the early development of terrace houses and to see how far the evolution of terrace houses happened until today.

Abstract: This paper mainly studied how to inject the project team management into the collaborative translation tools based on the cloud platform, so as to better coordinate the relationship between different translators and translation project, and the aided translation input method will be introduced to collaborative translation platform, as a bridge between the translator and the collaborative translation platform, to effectively improve the efficiency of different translators. At the same time we realize the terms detection and recognition system and translation memory system, to not only improve the efficiency of different translators, but also can solve the problem that translation content repetition and lack of communication between different translators.

Abstract: In the view of the changes of western society history, the article discusses how clime, human culture and technology influence the western style kitchen design and gives the idea of how design and lifestyle improve each other.

Abstract: Concrete is a composite material composed of water, coarse granular material (the fine and coarse aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together. Famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal and the Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of concrete technology were the ancient Romans, and concrete was widely used in the Roman Empire. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the concrete dome of the Pantheon is the world’s largest. After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete became rare until the technology was re-pioneered in the mid-18th century. Today, concrete is the most widely used man-made material.

Abstract: China’s development on nuclear power can be categorized into four stages, namely, difficult starting stage, stable developing stage, positive developing stage and rational developing stage. Presenting the three decades of ups and downs associated with China’s pursuit for such new energy as nuclear power, and further introduces the state of play and major characteristics of each period.

Abstract: Conventional practice on managing information in construction has sometimes created a miscommunication and errors among construction players. Therefore, Information Communication Technology (ICT) has introduced Building Information Modeling (BIM) for managing construction projects effectively and efficiently. Different terms on definition of BIM have been used and expanded widely with different perspectives. The aim of this paper is to explore the notion of BIM development from the year of 1975 to 2013. The methodology of this paper is based on literature review on BIM definitions. The findings reveal that there are six perspectives in BIM development which are design, estimation, construction process, building life cycle, performance and technology. From the development of BIM, it can be concluded that BIM is a new methodology that involves the use of technologies in order to improve collaboration and communication of construction players as well as the management of documentation.

Abstract: The origin of the analysis of concentration dependent diffusivities in solids is closely related to a method nowadays referred to as the Boltzmann-Matano method. This chapter recalls the scientific environment of the emergence of this method first described in a paper by C. Matano in 1933. The unique contributions by L. Boltzmann as well as by C. Matano, who were active in completely different scientific fields at different times, are presented. Some specific aspects related to the Boltzmann-Matano method are critically reviewed.