Papers by Keyword: Hot Compression

Abstract: In this paper, an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy with a small amount of Er and Zr added was used as the research object. The homogenization annealing was carried out, and the 7N01 aluminum alloy was used at 300 °C, 350 °C, 400 °C, 450 °C and 0.1 s^-1, 1 s^-1, 10 s^-1 deformation conditions by Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used for microstructure analysis. The results show that the stress-strain curve of with Er 7N01 aluminum alloy can be divided into micro-strain stage, uniform deformation stage and steady-state flow stage during the thermal compression process. The flow stress of 7N01 aluminum alloy achieved peaks at the initial stage of strain, and then increased with the increase of strain rate and the decrease of deformation temperature. With the increase of deformation temperature and the decrease of deformation rate, the recrystallization process was significantly increased.

Abstract: The ability to withstand axial hot compression at 700 °C of electropulsing-assisted ultrasonic surface rolling process (EUSRP) treated Inconel 718 was characterized by hot compression tests in this study. Results indicated that EUSRP induced ultra-fine microstructure on the near-surface regions of the sample and the formation of recrystallized ultra-fine grains in the near-surface regions was further promoted during hot compression test. In addition, a large number of nanoγ'' phases were precipitated on the broadened grain boundaries of the near-surface regions. In summary, EUSRP enhanced the ability to withstand axial hot compression of Inconel 718 at 700 °C.

Abstract: Uniform direct chill (UDC) casting is coupled annular electromagnetic stirring and intercooling, having been utilized for the preparation of large-sized aluminum alloy billet. In this paper, the UDC casting was applied to 2A14 aluminum alloy billets with a diameter of 584 mm. Hot compression tests, cogging and ring rolling procedures were carried out for the billets, respectively. The results show that during the deformation temperature of 420 °C and the strain rate of 0.01 s⁻¹ to 10 s⁻¹, the flow stresses of different positions are higher and more stable in the UDC casting billet than in the normal direct chill (NDC) casting billet. The dislocation glide is the dominant deformation mechanism of 2A14 aluminum alloy. Meanwhile, the UDC casting significantly improves the mechanical properties of the rolled rings in tangential and axial directions compared with the NDC casting.

Abstract: The effects of hot deformation conditions in the stable austenite state on the transformation kinetics and morphology of bainite were examined using dilatometry, electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements in a carbide-free bainitic steel with a composition of Fe-0.34C-2Mn-1.5Si-1Cr (in wt.%). Both uniaxial tensile and compression tests were applied to study the effect of the deformation mode. The temperature, strain and strain rate of deformation were varied in the ranges of 820-1000 °C, 0.1-0.6 and 0.001-0.1/s respectively. It has been revealed that hot tensile deformation retards the austenite transformation to lower bainite. The overall transformation kinetics slows down and the final attained amount of bainite decreases after completion of the isothermal transformation at 350 °C. However, hot compression deformation accelerates the bainite transformation, increasing both the bainite transformation rate and the final amount of bainite formed. The total amount of bainite increases with decreasing the strain rate irrespective of the mode of deformation. The effect of the deformation temperature and strain on the bainite transformation is in a complicated manner depending on the deformation mode.

Abstract: Hot compression tests of homogenized 6063 Al alloy were carried out in the temperatures range from 390°C to 510°C and strain rates from 1s^-1 to 20s^-1 on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation machine. The results showed that the flow stress decreased with increasing deformation temperature or decreasing strain rate. The dynamic softening effect was more obvious when the alloy was deformed at strain rate of 20 s^-1. The Arrhenius-type constitutive equation with strain compensation can accurately describe the flow stress of 6063 aluminum alloy during hot compression. Shear bands appeared in grains interior when the alloy deformed at high strain rates, corresponding to high Zenner-Hollomon (Z) parameters. When deformed under the conditions with low Z parameters, the dynamic recrystallization started occurred.

Abstract: The microstructure evolution of the Mg-4.5Zn-0.75Er alloy containing quasicrystalline phase (I-phase) during heat treatment and hot compression was investigated by means of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the as-cast alloys mainly consisted of α-Mg matrix and I-phase. The I-phase with different morphologies could be found at both matrix and interdentritic boundaries. The I-phase almost dissolved into the matrix at 460 °C, meanwhile, some magnesium-rare earth phase (Mg-Er phase) was precipitated and the volume fraction increased with prolonging the solid solution time. The true stress-strain curve obtained from the hot compression test showed the flow stress first increased to a maximum and then decreased to a steady state. It indicated that the dynamic competition took place between the working hardening and working softening during hot compression. Moreover, the main deformation mechanism was twining at strain of 0.08 for the as-solution alloy; with the increase of the strain, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) grains appeared at original grains and twins boundaries. Lots of nanoscale I-phase which pined and hindered dislocation precipitated within the matrix during hot compression process.

Abstract: Evolution behavior of pores in 7050 aluminum alloy during hot compression process has been investigated by finite element (FE) numerical simulation. The representative volume element (RVE) model containing one isolated pore is built, in which the gas in pore is treated as ideal gas. Effects of initial pore inner pressure and deformation temperature on pore evolution have been investigated. The simulation results indicate that stress concentration exists around the pore in the compressing process. At the simple compression condition, the inner pressure of the pore increases but the volume decreases as the bulk metals deforms. However, the volume reaches a plateau after the yield point of bulk metal. The plateau volume depends on the initial inner pressure of the pore and the flow stress of the bulk metal. Since the inner pressure of the pore balances with the flow stress of bulk metal at the interface, the temperature affects the evolution behavior of the pore through its influence on the flow stress of the bulk metal primarily.

Abstract: Grain growth behavior of AlMg5 alloy fabricated by using a new Mg mother alloy containing Al₂Ca (referred to as AlMg5-Al₂Ca hereinafter) was investigated during homogenization and subsequent hot compression test. Normal AlMg5 alloy using a commercial Mg mother alloy showed abnormally grown large grains in its microstructure after homogenization at 520 ̊C for 12hrs, while the grain growth in the AlMg5-Al₂Ca alloy was completely suppressed by formation of stable Al₄Ca during solidification on grain boundary. The compressive flow stress of normal AlMg5 alloy at 400 ̊C was significantly increased after homogenization because of lack of grains having proper slip directions to the applied load. But the flow stress of AlMg5-Al₂Ca alloy showing no grain growth during homogenization was slightly decreased implying lower energy needed for subsequent thermo-mechanical processing.

Abstract: The hot deformation and densification behaviors of sintered P/F-10C50 steel were investigated by hot compression tests on Gleeble-1500 thermal mechanical simulator at the temperature ranging from 900 °C to 1000 °C and the strain rate ranging from 0.1 s^-1 to 10 s^-1. The flow and densification characteristics of the tested specimens at different deformation temperatures and strain rates were studied. The flow stress of the sintered steel persistently increases until the end of the test as the result of matrix and geometric work hardening. The higher deformation temperature and strain rate are conductive to the healing of the pores and promote the densification of the sintered steel, while the higher deformation temperature and lower strain rate impede the densification. The constitutive equation of the sintered steel is established by the means of stepwise regression. The flow stresses predicted by the established constitutive equation are in good agreement with the experimental values, and the correlation coefficient (R) and the average absolute relative error (AARE) are 0.9931 and 3.52%, respectively. These results demonstrate the hot deformation behaviors of the sintered P/F-10C50 steel are excellently predicted by the established constitutive equation.

Abstract: Dynamic recrystallization behavior of Mg-8.0Gd-3.0Y-0.5Zr (wt.%) alloy and the critical conditions corresponding to the onset of dynamic recrystallization were investigated using uniaxial compression tests conducted at temperatures ranging from 350 °C to 500 °C and strain rates ranging from 0.001 s^-1 to 1 s^-1. Results show that increasing temperature and/or decreasing strain rate can enhance the process of dynamic recrystallization of Mg-8.0Gd-3.0Y-0.5Zr alloy and lower the peak stress and corresponding strain. However, decreasing temperature and/or increasing strain rate can promote the occurrence of twin dynamic recrystallization (TDRX) within the original grains at the cost of reducing the total volume fraction of dynamically recrystallized grains in the microstructure. Besides, the critical stress and strain corresponding to the onset of dynamic recrystallization of Mg-8.0Gd-3.0Y-0.5Zr at 400 °C and 0.1 s^-1 are 173MPa and 0.13, respectively.