Papers by Keyword: I-Kaz

Abstract: The Fuel injector is an important component in a vehicle engine for determining the performance of an engine. It is believed that, by knowing the current state of the injector, one can take any prior safety measure and ensuring the optimal performance of the engine. However, it is very difficult to study and analyse the fuel injection system in real time during the operation of the vehicle. A study was conducted in developing a method to monitor the fuel injector using the strain signal generated from the strain gauge sensors installed on the fuel injector. This method is practically implementable and can be used on the actual operation of the engine. A research rig was developed in order to visualise the behaviour of the injector at any instant by obtaining the three key parameters from the strain gage sensors which are the pulse width (ms), frequency (Hz) and pressure (bar). All data obtained from this experiment will be analysed using the Matlab software, where the I-kaz (Z^∞) will be applied as the main method to clearly visualize the operation of the machine. The result shows that for the same pulse width and pressure, the series have the same pattern for I-kaz coefficient. They have a consistent trend compared to the Skewness and Kurtosis parameters. This method serves to predict and describe the behaviour of the fuel injector to ease the monitoring task at any instant throughout the engine operation.

Abstract: Exposure to high levels of hand-arm vibration (HAV) from the steering wheels can present risks to health and safety to drivers. This study aim to do HAV comparison analysis on the Malaysian Army (MA) three-tonne truck steering wheels in three different speeds, when the truck is stationary with the engine switched on and when truck is moving at speed of 40 km/h and 80 km/h. HAV from the steering wheel were measured by using single axis piezoelectric accelerometer and was connected to Brüel & Kjær Vibration Analyser Type 3649, which is which is capable to produce tangential direction acceleration time discrete continuous raw data in units of meters per second squared (m/s²). The raw data were analyzed using statistical analysis I-kaz method to determine the HAV in relation to difference speed of the truck. Based on the results, HAV experienced by the drivers can be presented in frequency weighted HAV_hwz, I-kaz coefficient (Z^∞) and I-kaz display which the value will increase proportional to the truck speed.

Abstract: This paper describes the correlation between fatigue life with the I-kaz coefficients. Fatigue tests were performed according to the ASTM E466-96 standard with a strain gauge attached to the specimen being tested. AISI 1045 carbon steel was used as the material for this test due to its wide applications in the automotive and machinery industry. Fatigue tests were carried out at several constant loading stresses of 610 MPa, 650 MPa and 690 MPa at the sampling frequency of 8 Hz. A set of data acquisition system was used to collect the fatigue strain signals. The integrated Kurtosis-based algorithm for Z-filter (I-kaz) technique had been used to find the I-kaz coefficient. The I-kaz coefficient is found to have a good correlation with fatigue life, other than can represent fatigue damage.

Abstract: The performance of a fuel injector greatly influences the performance of a vehicle engine. An effective monitoring system is capable of detecting damage, instability, and even the life of fuel injector. In this study, a test rig on fuel injector using piezoelectric film sensor has been developed. Three parameters, namely, pulse width at 5, 10, and 15 ms; frequency at 17, 20, and 25 Hz; and pressure at 10, 50, and 70 bar were used for observation. These parameters were set at different combinations to obtain the different injection patterns of the fuel injector. Statistical methods were used to analyze the data, with the aid of the Matlab software. The injection pattern was described using a new I-kaz (Ƶ) statistical parameter, which is intended to provide a simple explanation of the corresponding correlations between the coefficient of I-kaz and the statistical parameters, such as root mean square, Skewness, and Kurtosis, to obtain effective information on the operation state of the fuel injector. The results showed that higher pulse width results in a higher I-kaz coefficient, which also increases with an increase in frequency and varies with pressure; however, the pattern depends on the pulse width. The I-kaz scatter graph against skewness showed a clear pattern among the statistical parameters. The corresponding correlation was useful for monitoring the fuel injector and can be used as a reference for future studies.

Abstract: Various condition monitoring techniques were applied during a laboratory engine test in order to understand the wear processes occurring and to determine a suitable method which could be applicable to the detection and diagnosis of abnormal engine condition in practice. The goal of the research presented in this study is to monitor the internal combustion engine block. The proposed engine block approach is based on measuring and monitoring the engine operation in variable speed and torque using Piezoelectric Sensor. However, it normally requires analyzing the obtained signal for providing valuable information. This research involves two main procedures including data collecting as well as data analyzing. Data collecting is processes of sensor attach, run the engine and record the data while data analyzing is translating the data using data acquisition and filtering by fast furrier transform and analyzing by I-kaz and MZN methods.

Abstract: Dynamic response of automotive component materials which are carbon steel S50C and cast ironon its sound and vibration characteristichas been studied. This paper shows that I-kaz analysis method can be applied to characterise this dynamic behavior problem. In the present work, an excitation has been performed by an impact hammer at the center of a rectangular bar specimen instrumented with accelerometer and microphone to obtain sound and vibration time-histories. From the experimental results, it was found that the recorded sound and vibration signal has a transient characteristic with high oscillation. Frequency spectrum analysis shows that impact testing on any material will generate its own characteristic of frequency peak and constantboth for sound and vibration signal. From I-kaz analysis method, it can be concluded that I-kaz coefficient, for sound signal is proportional to the modulus of elasticity, density and Poissons ratio. It is also shown that for vibration signal is inversely proportional to these mechanical properties.Data scattering representation supported this pattern of .

Abstract: Different techniques have been developed in the area of bearing wear monitoring. This paper proposes a different experimental study on bearing wear monitoring by using an airborne technique. The data captured in the airborne technique will be analyzed by using I-kaz^TM Multi Level (⁷Z) coefficient and then will be correlated with the conventional specific wear rates, K. The wear tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc configuration at a sliding speed of 7.85 m/s. A set of sliding distance ranging from 20 160 km at a fixed load of 200 N was utilized and the K value was measured at every interval of 20 km for the speed. SAE40 type lubricant was used in the test to simulate the actual operation of the connecting rod bearing. The audio range frequency below 20 kHz in the airborne technique was obtained through a microphone 40SC type which was placed 10 mm from the pin-disc contact. The analysis result showed that the wear rate, K increased from 1.82 to 6.70x10^-8 mm³/Nm as the sliding distance increased, indicating that a mild-abrasion wear regime had occurred. The curve fitting of K as a function of I-kaz^TM Multi Level coefficient showed a similarity to an established of Taylor Tool Life curve. Thus, it was possible to correlate the Taylor curve and worn bearing, mainly in monitoring and identifying the bearing condition with respect to the sliding distance. The trend of I-kaz^TM Multi Level coefficient was found to be consistent with the increase of sliding distance which indicates that the I-kaz^TM Multi Level value can positively be used as wear response indicator for bearing.

Abstract: This paper discussed on an application of the statistical based analysis approach on fatigue failure of carbon steel. A new statistical based method known as Integrated Kurtosis-based Algorithm for Z-filter (I-kaz) and the quadratic mean were used in this fatigue failure assessment. Fatigue tests were performed according to the ASTM E466-96 standard with the attachment of a strain gauge to the tested specimen. Test was performed at a constant loading leading to the collection of strain data throughout the test. A fatigue based data acquisition system was used in this work. All obtained data were analysed using specific software. Fatigue failure behaviour was observed through the strain signal analysis to investigate significant correlation between I-kaz coefficient, root mean square value and the fatigue failure behaviour. It was found that I-kaz coefficient and root mean square value are proportional to life cycle.

Abstract: Fatigue damage assessment is very important in design process of the component to determine their durability under service loading conditions. In service, the great majority of structures and components are subjected to stress of variable amplitude loading. The purpose of this research is to analyse statistically of two types of strain signals from road loading and compare their effect on fatigue damage of the engine mount bracket. Strain gauges were attached to the engine mount bracket and were connected to the data acquisition set in order to capture the actual strain signals when an automobile was driven on two different road surfaces. The strain signals were then analysed using global signal statistic and integrated kurtosis based algorithm for Z-filter (I-kaz) method. Meanwhile, damage of the engine mount bracket was evaluated using finite element commercial software. From the analysis, it was found that the fatigue damage showed an increment with the respective statistical values of the strain signals.