Papers by Keyword: Lithium-Ion Battery

Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in various applications such as portable devices and electric vehicles due to their long lifespan and high energy density. However, current LIBs have limited capacity, which can be attributed to the low theoretical capacity of graphite anode (~372 mAh/g). To enhance LIBs performance, silicon-based materials can be used as an alternative anode, offering a higher theoretical capacity of up to 4200 mAh/g. Nonetheless, silicon-based anodes in LIBs still face challenges of high-volume expansion and low electrical conductivity. To overcome these issues, combining silicon-carbon in the form of SiO_x/C has been developed to mitigate the effect of volume expansion and enhance the conductivity of the anode. Moreover, SiO_x/C can be directly synthesized from biomasses as they can serve as both silicon and carbon sources, providing a sustainable synthesis approach. In this study, SiO_x/C materials were synthesized from grey sedge, an abundant biomass in tropical and humid areas of Indonesia. The synthesis of grey sedge-derived SiO_x/C involved the activation using ZnCl₂ and one-step pyrolysis, resulting in carbon-rich SiO_x/C anode with an initial discharge capacity of 1595 mAh/g in pre-lithiation. The grey sedge-derived SiO_x/C anode demonstrated a higher actual capacity than graphite anodes, with 68% capacity retention after 85 charge-discharge cycles at 200 mA/g. These findings highlight the potential of grey sedge-derived silicon-carbon materials as the anode for next-generation LIBs, supporting the global transition to renewable energy sources.

Abstract: Along with the rapid development of technology in this modern era, batteries have a significant role, used as energy storage devices. Lithium-ion batteries have reliable characteristics as energy sources for electronic devices and electric vehicles. Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) is claimed to be the best cathode for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. This study aims to analyze the effect of the addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles as a coating material with variations of 1, 3, and 5 wt.% on the morphology and electrochemical performance of LiNi_0.9Mn_0.05Co_0.05O₂ (NMC 955). The coating process with the addition of TiO₂ through ball milling method at a speed of 600 rpm for 1 minute and 1000 rpm for 60 minutes. The results obtained are an increase in particle diameter in the 5 wt.% variation with particle size in the range from 0.1 to 0.5 μm. NMC 955 TiO₂ 1% has the highest specific capacity of 168 mAh g^-1 at 0.5 C. It is indicated that the process of adding TiO₂ coating on NMC 955, can improve the electrochemical performance in terms of specific capacity compared to NMC 955 without TiO₂ coating.

Abstract: At present, the electric vehicles have an increasingly important role in both personal cars and public transportation because of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, that is the main reason of the global warming. The important energy source for all types of electric vehicles is battery. In this paper, the thermal cooling of lithium-ion battery pack with 4 rectangular prismatic battery cells is investigated in flow simulation. The performance of battery convection is simulated within the wind tunnel. The mass flow rate is controlled at 40, 80, and 120 g/s. The temperature distribution of the battery surface and the outlet air is analyzed from three parameters: the battery cell spacing of 5, 10, and 15 mm, the battery cells arrangement in three angles of 0, 60, and 150 from the wind direction, and the discharge rates of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 C. The results indicate that the battery cells have the lowest surface temperature at 15 mm of the battery cell spacing. The angle of the battery pack placement increases, resulting in the Wake Vortex Turbulence and heat dissipation from the battery cells. It is also suitable to design the battery base for installation. In addition, the mass flow rates and discharge rates are analyzed together. the results show that the surface of battery cells and the outlet air have the highest temperature at the discharge rate of 1.00 C, and the airflow rate of 40 g/s.

Abstract: To investigate the effect of mono-halogenation on the performance of anthraquinone cathode in lithium-ion batteries, the structures and electrochemical properties of AQ derivatives functionalized with single chlorine and bromine were studied. The microstructure and morphology were characterized by XRD and SEM, and the electrochemical properties were conducted using galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. 1-BrAQ, 2-BrAQ, and 2-ClAQ showed improved cyclic stability and higher platform voltage than the AQ cathode, and the capacity retention rates of 2-ClAQ and 2-BrAQ after 50 discharge cycles are 64.6% and 77.8%, respectively, which are twice the capacity retention rate of the AQ positive electrode under the same conditions.

Abstract: In this study, novel organic/inorganic composites were fabricated by blending anthraquinone (AQ) with SBA-15 molecular sieve in varying ratios via ultrasonication, characterized structurally using XRD, SEM, and BET methods, and analyzed electrochemically as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries via galvanostatic discharge/charge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The composite with a 2:1 ratio of AQ and SBA-15 achieved a specific discharge capacity of 144.5 mAh/g at 0.2 C, which decreased to 63.3 mAh/g after 50 cycles, 8% higher than that of the pure AQ. The initial discharge platform of the composite was 2.28 V, which decreased to 2.10 V after 50 cycles, 50 mV higher than that of the pure AQ. This is because the loading of anthraquinone particles by the SBA-15 pore size structure facilitated the stabilization of the active materials, hindered the solubility of AQ in the electrolyte, and enhanced the cycling stability of the battery.

Abstract: In this study, LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ (LTP) was synthesized by the addition of lithium fluoride (LiF) of 0 %, 5 %, and 10 wt.%. A wet solid-state reaction method is applied by mixing Li₂CO₃, TiO_2, and NH₄H₂PO₄ into a ball mill, then calcined at 900^o C for 12 hr. XRD pattern of Fluoride-doped LTP is indexed and found in two phases. First is the Nasicon phase (LiTi₂(PO₄)₃) with rhombohedral structure, and second, the Olivine phase (LiTiPO5) with orthorhombic structure at the addition of 5 % and 10 wt. % of LiF. The higher LiF decreases the cell volume while the crystallite size, particle size, and material density increase. The morphology of the Fluoride-doped LTP is increasingly homogeneous and more rectangle-shape. LTP 2, adding 10 wt. % of LiF, has high ionic conductivity at 4.77 10^-4 S cm^-1 as a promising candidate material for solid-electrolyte of lithium-ion battery.

Abstract: The development of lithium batteries as an energy storage system is getting higher equal to the development of eco-friendly energy needs. However, lithium batteries have disadvantages in electrical and temperature interference. Series and parallel configuration causes voltage imbalance and leads to degradation performance of the battery. The focus of the research is the development of BMS with voltage monitoring and balancing features for the 12-series battery pack configuration. Monitoring can be done by observing electrical parameters, are cell voltage and battery temperature. The results of the simulation and modeling of BMS and Lithium-ion Battery show that the flat-zone voltage on the LFP UNS battery is in the 10-90% SoC range (generally SoC 20-80%), and the characteristics of lithium battery are current affects the battery voltage curve (high current causes a high voltage drop), while temperature affects the internal resistance (low temperature causes an increase in internal resistance). The BMS hardware monitoring test shows the accuracy and precision of the voltage sensor at 99.7064% and 99.9998%, while the temperature sensor performs the accuracy and precision of 95.4909% and 100%, respectively. The passive balancing method with Switched Shunt Resistor shows a nominal balancing current of about 170mA with a 20mV voltage drop.

Abstract: Li-ion batteries (LIB) are one of the most prevalent kinds of batteries used in electronic devices to store electrical energy due to their steady voltage, high energy density, and excellent cycle performance. However, its quick charging and discharging cycle generates a lot of heat which may reduce battery capacity and destroy the electrode material's nanostructure and crystal structure. As a result, a scientific and efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) is crucial. In this paper, we suggested a BTMS for a 9-cell battery pack with cell spacing of 9mm. Air-cooled and PCM-based systems were simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 and compared against a bare-cell battery pack where a temperature drop of 3.53 K and 5.04 K was observed respectively after incorporating the cooling system. In our final study, we simulated a hybrid BTMS that used both forced air cooling and PCM and compared it to a scenario where air cooling was the only type of cooling used by the system. This produced interesting results as the temperature in the hybrid system increased by 1.48 K. Therefore, in order for the hybrid system to benefit from both cooling systems, an in-depth evaluation of the fan's air flow properties, as well as the PCM thickness and material, must take place. The thickness and material must be such that the air cooling provided by the flow control mechanism reaches the actual electrochemical cell.

Abstract: Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have significantly increased due to the high consumption of LIBs for automobile applications; therefore, the recovery of valuable materials to use as the second resource can bring economic benefits and reduce an environmental impact. This study investigated the production of lithium phosphate (Li₃PO₄), which can be used as a starting material for the synthesis of LIBs, from spent LiNi_xMn_yCo_zO₂ (NMC) cathodes. The experimental procedure started with discharging, dismantling the battery, and removing the aluminum foil, followed by the leaching of cathode material before precipitating the lithium phosphate from the solution. In the leaching stage, the parameters to optimize the process were studied. The results showed that the lithium leaching efficiency could be achieved at 96.10% using 2 M H₂SO₄, 8 vol.% H₂O₂, 40 g/L pulp density, and 4 hrs at 70°C. The final precipitate product of 98.98% purity of Li₃PO₄ was recovered from the solution using Na₂HPO₄ under the experimental condition.

Abstract: Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ (NMC 333) become a promising cathode material and attracted much attention to replace the LiCoO₂. The structure, particle size, and morphology are some of the factors that influence the performance of the NMC 333 materials were study in this work. The synthesis method of doped NMC 333 materials was done via combustion method and citric acid was used as a fuel. The final products of LiNi_0.3Mn_0.3Co_0.3Al_0.1O₂ and LiNi_0.3Mn_0.3Co_0.3Al_0.05Ti_0.05O₂ were denoted as 333A and 333AT, respectively. Based on the XRD results, all materials showed a pure, single phase and isostructural with hexagonal α-NaFeO₂. 333AT material show good cation ordering with RIR value of 1.25. It also shows the higher (003) peak intensity and smaller full widths at half maximum (FWHM) indicate this material has higher structural crystallinity and smaller crystallite size than 333A. Meanwhile, FESEM results revealed that all materials have morphology of polyhedral like shape and well-crystallized particles with smooth surfaces. Both materials clearly made up of micro-sized particles with the range particle size from 103 nm to 975 nm. 333A material display slightly larger crystallite size compared to the 333AT material. As a conclusion, doping technique will effect the structural and the morphology of materials.