Papers by Keyword: Martensitic Transformation (MT)

Abstract: The Kossel microdiffraction in a scanning electron microscope allows for local stress determination. This technique has been applied to monitor stress evolution within grains of austenite in the course of martensitic transformation in a shape memory alloy. Kossel diffraction patterns were recorded during in situ tensile straining of Cu-Al-Be alloy. These innovative measurements show large stress heterogeneities between grains, with the stress ratio exceeding two. As martensite variants are stress-induced, shear stress components appear in individual grains of austenite.

Abstract: The development of the implant material which works much like bone must be an intrinsic approach to reduce the mechanical mismatch. Bone expresses the anisotropy of the mechanical characteristics based on the microstructual adaptation attributed to the apatite c-axis orientation corresponding to in vivo stress distribution. Therefore, the control of microstructure of implant material was performed by laser beam sintering technique aiming at the modification of mechanical property. The Co-Cr alloy products with three-dimensional geometry were successfully fabricated by laser beam sintering based on the design model. The grain showed an elongated dendritic morphology and aligned along the build direction during laser beam sintering. The crystallographic texture was developed responsible for the macroscopic heat flow along the build direction rather than the macroscopic one through the structures. Thus, the microstructure involving the grain morphology and crystallographic texture formation was anisotropically controlled by laser beam sintering technique. The mechanical properties could be modified anisotropically by the oriented microstructure in the Co-Cr alloy structures with three-dimensional geometry for the biomedical applications.

Abstract: The formation of nanocrystalline structure in a 304-type austenitic stainless steel during multidirectional forging (MDF) at room temperature was investigated. Initial coarse austenite grains with an average size of 50 μm were refined to about 80 nm by martensitic transformation during MDF to a total true strain of 2 and remained unchanged upon further deformation up to a strain of 4. The volume fraction of martensite achieved ~0.9 after forging to a strain of 1.6. The MDF at room temperature was accompanied by a significant hardening of the 304-type steel. The microhardness and the flow stress increased during forging and approached their saturations on the levels of about 5 GPa and 1.7 GPa, respectively, after total true strain of 2. The structural mechanisms responsible for microstructure evolution during severe deformation are discussed.

Abstract: The non-equilibrium microstructure of Fe-C-Mn-Si TRIP steel is designed bythermodynamic and kinetic calculation. The upper limit of bainitic transformation temperature iscalculated and compared to that characterized by CCT curve determination. s M temperature isdetermined based on thermodynamics of martensitic transformation and sublattice model. Thecalculation is conducted via TQ6-patch in Thermo-Calc software. Comparison between thecalculations and experiments reveals the relationship between non-equilibrium phase compositionand heat treatment parameters which can be utilized to achieve the elaborate design of alloy and heattreatment for super TRIP steel.

Abstract: Residual stresses in welded components are consequence of stress and/or thermal gradients and influenced by factors such as joint geometry, variation in strength of the material, preheat temperature, heat input, post-weld heat treatment and phase transformation strains. During the 70’s, it was observed that the level of residual stress accumulated in a constrained sample during cooling from austenite could be reduced after transformation to martensite or bainite. Some works have evaluated effect of welding using a low transformation temperature martensitic filler metal on the level of residual stress in single pass joints. According to these studies, martensite start temperature in the range 200–250°C can be extremely effective for mitigation of tensile residual stresses. The outcome of most of these works was on one hand increase of fatigue life due to the mitigation of tensile residual stresses via transformation strains, on the other a significant reduction of the fracture toughness.In the present study, sections of API 5L class B steel tubes were multipass welded using a 12Cr-5Ni low transformation temperature filler metal in addition to a conventional filler metal. Residual stresses in the inner and outer surfaces were measured by X-ray diffraction. Aspects related to the improvement of toughness in the weld metal due to the tempering of one pass by the subsequent were also discussed.

Abstract: The effects of Fe addition on martensitic transformation and mechanical properties of AuTi were investigated in this study. It was found that B2 parent phase is stabilized by the Fe addition and that AuTi can contain at least 20mol%Fe. The lattice deformation strain evaluated from θ-2θ X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is not significantly changed by the Fe addition. The decrease in M_s evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is-40K/mol%Fe. Tensile tests revealed that, with increasing Fe content, the yield stress decreases up to about 13mol%Fe, largely increases up to 15mol%Fe and then decreases gradually. By taking into account XRD and DSC results, these behaviors are judged to correspond to reorientation of martensite variants, stress induced martensitic transformation and slip deformation of parent phase, respectively. The values of dσ_SIMT/dC_Fe and dσ_SIMT/dT are evaluated to be-170MPa/mol%Fe and-4.3MPa/K, respectively. The elongation is degraded with increasing Fe content from 8% in AuTi (0mol%Fe, martensite phase) to 2% in AuTi-20mol%Fe (parent phase) depending on the apparent phase.

Abstract: The effects of Zr addition on martensitic transformation and the lattice parameters of α” (orthorhombic) martensite and β (bcc) phase were investigated in Ti-3mol%Mo-6mol%Sn based alloys containing up to 4mol%Zr using θ-2θ X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was found by XRD that orthorhombic α” martensite phase is formed when Zr content is 0 to 2mol% while bcc β phase also existed in the alloy containing 2 to 4mol%Zr. Based on the lattice parameters in α” martensite and β parent phases evaluated, the transformation strains between α” and β phase calculated become slightly small with increasing Zr content. DSC revealed that, with increasing Zr content, reverse martensitic transformation start and finish temperatures decreased down to 410K with a rate of-30K/mol%Zr. It is concluded in the Ti-Mo-Sn alloy system that Zr addition stabilizes β phase and that Zr addition is effective to control martensitic transformation temperature without changing the transformation strains largely.

Abstract: This work aims to study by neutron diffraction the evolution of metastable phases of CuAlBe shape memory alloy after plastic deformation. Two samples were studied: the first one deformed by cold rolling at a reduction rate of 15% and the second, deformed by cold rolling at 15% followed by hot rolling at 200°C for a reduction rate of 30% respectively. Before plastic deformation, the material is fully austenitic at ambient temperature. Its crystallographic texture is mainly characterized by a <001> partial fibber. After deformation, this partial fibber disappears and the crystallographic texture is composed by isolated orientations. At higher reduction rates, the texture of austenitic phase remaining in the material is characterized by a <111> fibber. The rolling process modifies metastable phase quantities. After deformation at a reduction rate of 15%, the volume fraction of metastable austenite remaining is close to 8%. Plastic deformation also greatly modifies the characteristic transformation temperatures and enlarges the hysteresis. The material plastically deformed after hot rolling presents large variations of intensities of diffraction peaks belonging to martensite phase during a thermal cycle at low temperature. This effect is attributed to a reorganization of variants due to an evolution of crystallographic texture of martensite.

Abstract: This study reports the effect of aging duration on the super-elastic response of Fe-30%Ni-18%Co-10.5%Al-2%Nb-0.15%B (at.%) poly-crystals in compression. The aging temperature was 600°C and the aging durations were 20h, 45h, 60h and 72h, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used in the work. The results show that with prolonging the aging duration, the super-elastic strain rises firstly and then descends. The super-elastic strain reaches the maximum 10.5% when the aging duration is 60h. The crisis stress for stress-induced martensite (σ_M) has no obvious changes, being about 250MPa when the aging duration is between 20h and 60h. But σ_M increases markedly when the aging duration prolongs to 72h. The hardness of the specimens changes in the same way as the superelastic strain, and reaches the maximum of 497HV₁₀ when the aging duration is 60h. During the aging process, two factors react. One is the decomposing and reducing in size of the undissolved phase (σ). The other is the formation of the precipitation phase (γ'). Nb can dissolve into the matrix phase (γ) adequately and promote the formation of γ'. The combination of the two factors improves the strength and superelasticity of the specimens till the over-aging arises corresponding to the 72h aging duration.

Abstract: Shape memory effect is a peculiar property exhibited by certain alloy system. This behavior is facilitated by martensitic transformation, and shape memory properties are intimately related to the microstructures of alloys; in particular, the morphology and orientation relationship between the various martensite variants. Martensitic transformation occurs in thermal manner, on cooling the materials from high temperature parent phase region. Thermal induced martensite called self-accommodated martensite or multivariant martensite occurs as multivariant martensite in self-accommodating manner and consists of lattice twins. Shape memory alloys are deformed in low temperature martensitic phase condition, and deformation proceeds through a martensite variant reorientation. Copper based alloys exhibit this property in metastable β - phase region.