Papers by Keyword: Methane

Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the company for the production of soft drinks wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and indicators on biogas as a byproduct. Shown new technology of anaerobic reactors and cleaning properties of the main product - the anaerobic sludge, from which biogas released. Offered to re-evaluate the potential of using methane component of biogas. The proposed approach for the use of biogas would allow such enterprises to carry out a comprehensive approach to solving the problems of energy efficiency and the use of the significant potential of secondary energy resources.

Abstract: Graphene has attracted wide interest across a range of applications due to its electrical, mechanical and optical properties. The use of a low-cost, table-top chemical vapour deposition system to deposit few-layer graphene onto copper is reported in this work. Characterisation of the graphene is performed using Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results show that few-layer graphene can be deposited at 1000 °C using CH₄ as a carbon precursor, and 5% H₂, 95% N₂ forming gas as a diluent. The effects of deposition temperature, deposition time, and forming gas addition on graphene film quality was studied experimentally. An increase in graphene quality was observed when forming gas was added during deposition.

Abstract: The oil and gas industry struggles to prevent formation of hydrates in pipeline by spending substantial amount of dollars. Hydrates are ice-like crystalline compounds that are composed of water and gas in which the gas molecules are trapped in water cavities. The hydrate formation is favorable at elevated pressure and reduced temperature and can be determined through experiment. However, the cost involved to determine early hydrate formation using experiment is driving researchers to seek for robust prediction methods using statistical and analytical methods. Main aim of the present study is to investigate applicability of radial basis function networks and support vector machines to hydrate formation conditions prediction. The data needed for modeling was taken from well-established literature. Performance of the models was assessed based on MSE, MAE, MAPE, MSPE, and Modified Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. Data-based models enable the oil industry to predict the conditions leading to hydrate formation hence preventing clogging of the pipeline and high pressure buildup that could lead to sudden burst at the connections.

Abstract: The present day’sresearch interests on bioenergy have been expanded rapidly due to oil crisis of 1980s. This bio energy should be available in locally and it’spurer than the fossil fuels. The field of bio energyis important for governments, scientists and business people in worldwide because of its available in nature and renewable resource. Todays the most important renewable energy is Biomass. The biological conversion of biomass to methane has become rapidly increasing in present days. All types of organic wastes can be converted to methane. In this study the installed plant is a sintex floating type biogas plant. The cubic capacity of plant is about 1000 liter. The pH range is maintained in the level of 6.8 to 7.5. The fermentation time of the anaerobic digestion for the efficient usage of gas as a fuel is about 30 days. Our biogas plant is used for all types of anaerobic respirating wastes such as cow dung manure, kitchen wastes etc.The input feed of kitchen waste is about 10 kg per day. The output of the biogas yield is about 0.714 m³/kg. The composition of biogas is 50% to 60% of methane and rather than remaining 30% to 40% CO₂ and small amount of water about 2% to 5%. The performance characteristics of biogas plant are studied in this paper. To evaluate the performance of biogas production and pH variation throughout this study.

Abstract: The process of wastewater treatment is one of the sources of greenhouse gas emissions from urban human activities and methane is a source of greenhouse gases can not be ignored. According to the method recommended by IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2006,a calculation model was established to assess methane emissions of wastewater treatment in Henan.Then methane emissions from wastewater treatment in Henan province in the year of 2010 were estimated. The results showed that net methane emissions from the sewage treatment process was 21,764.1 tons, and methane from the industrial wastewater generated process was 98,609.33 tons. The results will provide a scientific basis for policy maker to mitigate the methane emission from the sewage treatment process of Henan province.

Abstract: There is a still dangerous effect in the form of methane leakage from coal seams in areas where mining activity still continuing or took place in the past. The issue of mining gas flow is still a matter that is necessary to pay attention and try to find new ways to solve this set of phenomena, no matter if it is the mining corridors or the flow in the rock massif. The number of measures to gradually reduce risk has been taken to protect the population. Nevertheless, the current situation is generally rated as serious as those risks still remain valid. Leakage of mine gases depend on many natural and technical mining conditions. With the closure of mines and thus the end of the ventilation situation considerably worse. This paper deals with the flow of dangerous mine gas, methane, through the rock mass using numerical flow modeling using CFD program Fluent. Using CFD codes can gain insight on the phenomenon under review and the results to take appropriate measures in the form of active or passive intervention.

Abstract: Various organic oxidants including tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, tert-butyl hydroperioxide (TBHP), hydrogen peroxide-urea adduct, dicumyl peroxyide and peracetic acid solution were studied for the oxidation of methane to methanol via methyl acetate catalyzed by iodine in non-aqueous acetic acid medium. Among these organic oxidants investigated, tert-butyl hydroperioxide (TBHP) exhibited the highest methane conversion. The effects of various kinetic factors on the catalytic behavior of the TBHP-I₂ system were investigated, and a quantitative yield of methyl acetate (18.9%) based on methane has been obtained under the optimized conditions. A possible mechanism involving electrophilic displacement has been suggested for this reaction.

Abstract: In Africa especially in Rwanda, the development of Biogas technology is imperative for development to occur in sustainable manner. Using large centralized power generation facilities to provide electricity to rural population and communities is very expensive and non-viable in Rwanda due to lack of a well dispersed electric grid. In Addition, use of non-renewable fossil fuels is resulting in increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and attendant increased drivers for climate change. Development of Biogas systems serves the purposes of solving sanitation, energy and environmental problems by improving good health conditions and providing a source of energy for cooking and lighting to the communities and households contributing also to the decrease of GHG emissions. In Rwanda, there are 14 prisons, after genocide of 1994, the inmates increased up to 60,000. Number of prisoners was from 2,000 up to 7,500 prisoners in one prison [6]. This high number of inmates caused serious sanitation and environmental problems. Indeed the septic tanks became full and human excreta started to overflow and pollute the environment. In addition, a very big quantity of fuel wood was used for cooking inmates’ food; the consequence was the degradation of the environment. Similar problems were observed in schools. Solution to the mentioned problems was construction of Biogas systems. In Rwanda only about 16% of the population have access to electricity. In order to reduce that deficit of energy, Rwanda Government is developing other sources of energy particularly Biogas for rural areas which so far do not have connection to the national electricity grid. Big size (100 m³) and small size (4, 6, 8 and 10 m³) bio-digesters are installed in several institutions and households and they provide enough Biogas for cooking and lighting in steady of using firewood which is becoming scarce in many areas of the country and their usage as source of energy causes pollution through production of Carbon dioxide (CO₂) released in the atmosphere. A study made by SNV (Netherlands Cooperation Development Agency) shows that a domestic bio-digester reduces 4.6 tons of (CO₂) per year. Hence, calculation made indicates that the 3,000 domestic bio-digesters currently operational in Rwanda allow to reduce 13,800 tons of Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions per year. As organic wastes particularly human excreta and other digestible biomass are available everywhere, biogas technology can be developed in all the countries worldwide.

Abstract: The performance of a small-scale two-phase anaerobic digestion system which processes municipal solid wastes, i.e. vegetable and fruit wastes, was evaluated at mesophilic conditions. An anaerobic digester which required 5 L of fresh cow manure, 5 L of solid waste feed, 5 L each of leachate from the solid waste, and 1 L of anaerobic seeding had been constructed. The volume of the feed solids after digestion has significantly reduced after the operation. The total accumulated methane for a solids retention time (SRT) of 20 days contained useful heat energy amounting to 330.27 KJ.

Abstract: The feasibility of pulp and paper mill wastewater sludge as substrates for biogas production was evaluated in labrotory scale. Also the influence of pre-acidification, feeding modes and sludge concentration on anaerobic digestion system were studied.