Papers by Keyword: Metric

Abstract: In this work it is presented the modeling and simulation of energy transfer and fluid flow of a stationary spherical arrangement of particles surrounding a gravitational body such as an astrophysical object that carries the curvature of space-time continuum in general relativity, taking into account the thermodynamics of the second law. This model also predicts the drag of space and time around an astrophysical object as it rotates, with results close to the experimental data reported by other authors. To model the energy transfer of the mass and the fluid flow in the space-time, it is used a 4-dimensional system. In order to make measurements of entropy in the arrow of time (past-present), tensors in General Relativity were used to calculate this thermodynamic quantity and with this, the big bang ́s low entropy condition in phase space of coarse graining (Hawking ́s box), according to Weyl curvature hypothesis (WCH) of Roger Penrose. Contribution of this paper is presented by tensors which carry information that has to do with something as non-distortion effect in fluid flow around the astrophysical object and the low entropy condition that is believed to exist in the past, in the big bang; what leads us to search for a new physical-mathematical science to continue. At this point, the Einstein field equations are out of context, which leads us to conclude that it is necessary a mathematical science that allows us to make calculations to rescue lost information due to collapse of matter to a black hole. This math should allow us to clear up physical phenomena (like origin of the universe) and their relationship, with the objective of unifying theories that lead to a physical science without uncertainties, as at the present time. In this regard, we propose a metric in hyperbolic coodinates to build a physical wormhole shaped object where gravitational bodies can be housed that allow us to link the past entropy with the present entropy according to the second law of thermodynamics, as a kind of mathematical space or alternative model to compensate in some way, the link between WCH and the phase space volume of the Hawking's box, and the link between WCH and the quantum-mechanical state-vector reduction, , proposed by Penrose which still have not been determined by any author. Nomenclature

Abstract: Measuring the complexity of a large-scale software system has been a urgent demand in software development practices. The traditional software metrics can hardly describe the structural complexity in modern software. As the complex networks theory has been used to study the software structure, we analyzed a great many software systems. The analyzing results reveal the parameters in complex networks can be used to represent property of software structure. And this paper introduces some efficient metrics and measuring methods based on basic parameters in complex networks. A practice example was described to demonstrate the effectiveness of the metrics.

Abstract: In a universe in indefinite expansion, undetermined amounts of dark material suspended in the space-time continuum exist. The case of ‘sufficient’ amount of material contracted throughout time due to its density can occur. Using relativistic equations, in the present work a thermodynamic system was considered whose volume of control is limited by a gigantic mass that is suspended in space in order to predict its behavior. Given the obtained results, evidence of a certain quantized dark material in process of collapse or collapsed into a black hole can be argued. The heat transfer of the black hole was measure through entropy change with respect to the time and other forms of energy, it was determined that the hole emits particles to surroundings from its event horizon (black hole ‘shining’). The emissions are proportional to the disappearance of the hole; they are candidates to integrate the “baby universes" of Hawking with new histories that satisfy the theorem "a black hole has no hair".